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Bio 168 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Support.
Storage of minerals (calcium) electrolyte balance.
Storage of lipids (yellow marrow).
Blood cell production (red marrow).
Protection (brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, etc.)
Leverage (force of motion).
Acid base balance.

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2
Q

Long Bones

A

Are long and thin. Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes. (Extremities excluding the wrist and ankle bones).
Provide strength, structure, mobility and articulation with other bones.
Ex: femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges.

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3
Q

Short Bones

A

Are small and think. About as tall as wide. Provide strength and support. Work as stabilizers. Ex: ankle bones( tarsals)

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4
Q

Flat Bones

A

Are thin with parallel surfaces. Vary greatly in shape and size. Shield and protect organs from harm. Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle, and pelvis. Base for muscular attachment.

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5
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Inside tendons (patella of knee)

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6
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Have complex shapes. Spinal vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sphenoid, zygomatic, mandible.

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7
Q

Osteogenic

A

Cells in endosteum, periosteum or central canals give rise to new osteoblasts. Arise from embryonic fibroblasts. Multiply continuously.

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8
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Mineralize organic matter of matrix(osteogenesis)

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9
Q

Osteocytes

A

Are osteoblasts trapped in the matrix they formed. Cells in lacunae connected by channels called canaliculi.

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10
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Develop in bone marrow by fusion of 3 to 50 stem cells. Resides in pits that they are into the bone. Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes.

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11
Q

Homeostasis in Bones

A

Bone building by osteoblasts and bone recycling by osteoclasts must balance. More breakdown then building than bone gets weak. Exercise causes osteoblasts to build bone.

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12
Q

Bone matrix

A

Deposits of calcium salt.

Bone cells within lacunae organized around blood vessels.

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13
Q

Canaliculi

A

Form pathways for blood vessels.

Exchange nutrients and wastes.

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14
Q

Bone (osseous) tissue

A

Dense supportive connective tissue.
Contains specialized cells.
Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits.
Around collagen fibers.

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15
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate.

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers shaft of bone. Outer fibrous layer of collagen. Inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells.

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17
Q

Inorganic

A

2/3 of bone matrix is inorganic. 85% of crystals are hydroxyapatite. (Calcium phosphate salt) 10% calcium carbonate. Which incorporates other calcium salts and ions.

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18
Q

Organic

A

1/3 of bone matrix is organic. Protein fibers (collagen, protein-carbohydrate complexes).

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19
Q

Compact bone

A

Contains osteons (the basic unit of mature compact bone). Osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamallae. Around a central canal containing blood vessels.

20
Q

Perforating (volkmann) canals

A

Lie at right angles to the central canal. Connect blood and nerve supply between marrow and central canals.

21
Q

Concentric lamallae

A

Lamallae wrapped around the long bone. Binds osteons together.

22
Q

Spongy bone

A

Does not have osteons. The matrix forms an open network of trabeculae. Tribeculae have no blood vessels. Has osteocytes in lacunae and canniculi. Provides strength with little weight. Trabeculae develop along Bones line of stress. Help the bone to resist stress.

23
Q

Red Marrow

A

Space between tribeculae is filled with red bone marrow. Has blood vessels, forms red blood cells, supplies nutrients to osteocytes, in children red marrow in most marrow cavities, in adults limited to skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdles and proximal heads of femur and humerus.

24
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

I’m adult bones, most Marrow turns to yellow. Yellow because it stores fat.

25
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules. Made up of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular level.
Functions: isolate bone from surrounding tissues, provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply, participate in bone growth and repair.

26
Q

Endosteum

A

An incomplete cellular layer. Lines the marrow cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone, lines central canals. Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. Is active in bone growth and repair.

27
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

28
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification

A

Bone develops within membranes. Develops within a fibrous connective tissue sheet similar to dermis connective tissue (mesenchymal tissue). Produces flat bones such as clavicle and skull bones.

29
Q

Embryonic bone development

A

Bone develops from preexisting hyaline cartilage. Starts at 6 weeks in uterine and continues into the early 20s. Bone growth stops at 25. Diaphysis.

30
Q

Articulate cartilage

A

Covers joint surface

31
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A

Cartilage between primary and secondary marrow cavities. Growth plate provides for increase in length of bone during childhood and adolescence. By early twenties, growth plates are gone and primary and secondary marrow cavities are united.

32
Q

Bone growth and remodeling

A

Continues throughout life (bones increase in lenght(height) and bones increase in width.

33
Q

Postnatal Bone Growth

A

Long bones lengthen entirely by interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate(growth plate). Present at end of long bone from infancy through adolescence. Cartilage replaced with bone. Epiphyseal line is left behind when cartilage is gone.

34
Q

Bone growth

A

Bones increase in width and they lengthen (apposition growth). Osteoblasts of inner periosteum secrete matrix in layers parallel to the bone surface concentric lamellae. Osteoclasts dissolve bone on inner surface to increase marrow cavity.

35
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth

A

Growth of bones in youth adulthood is controlled by hormones. Growth hormone is the important stimulus during infancy and childhood , regulated by thyroid hormone. At puberty, sex hormones estrogen in females and testosterone in males promote a growth spurt and feminization/masculinization of skeletal parts. Hormones govern closure of epiphyseal plate.

36
Q

Ion imbalances

A

Changes in phosphate levels = little effect. Changes in calcium can be serious.

37
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Deficiency of blood calcium. Causes excitability of nervous system. Muscle spasms, tremors, or tetany. Laryngospasms and suffocation.

38
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess of blood calcium. Depressed nervous system. Muscle weakness and sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest.

39
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone(PTH)

A

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels. Bones: where calcium is stored.
Digestive tract: where calcium is absorbed.
Kidneys: where calcium is excreted.

40
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Produced by parathyroid glands in neck. Increases blood calcium ion levels by:
Stimulate osteoclasts to increase bone resorption.
Increasing intestinal absorption of calcium.
Decreases calcium exertion at kidneys.

41
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid.
Decreases calcium ion levels by:
Inhibiting osteoclasts activity.
Increasing calcium excretion at kidneys.

42
Q

Healing of fractures

A

Normally 8-12 weeks.
Stages of healing:
Fracture hematoma, clot forms then osteogenic cells for granulation tissue.
Soft callus, fibroblast produce fibers and fibrocartilage
Hard callus, osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks.
Remodeling in 3 to 4 months, spongy bone replaced by compact bone.

43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Severe bone loss. Affects normal function. Over age 45, occurs in 29% of women and 18% of men.

44
Q

Menopausal Effects

A

Estrogens and androgens help maintain bone mass. Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause.

45
Q

Joint functions

A

Link the bones of the skeletal system into a functional whole. Supports the body, allows effective movement, protects softer organs.

46
Q

Joint Classification

A

The amount of movement the joint can make.
Synarthrosis: no movement(most stable)
Amphiarthrosis: little movement(stable)
Diarthrosis: more movement freely moveable joint(most unstable)

47
Q

Accessory Ligaments

A

Support, strengthen joints. Attach bone to bone. Sprain=ligaments with torn collagen fibers.
Tendons attach to muscles around joint. Help support joint.

Bio 168 (10 decks)

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