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Bio 168 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biochemistry

A

Study of molecules that compose living organisms

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up mass. Atoms are most basic block. Atoms join together to form chemicals with different characteristics. Chemical characteristics determine our physiology at the molecular and cellular level.

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3
Q

States of Matter

A

Solid: constant volume and shape.
Liquid: constant volume but change shape.
Gas: changes volume and shape.

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4
Q

Elements

A

Substances that contain only one kind of atom. Can be atoms or molecules.

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5
Q

Molecules

A

Consists of 2 or more atoms of the same element or different elements or chemically bound together. 98% of living matter is composed of 6 elements

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6
Q

Atomic Structure

A

Protons have positive charge. Neutrons have neutral charge. Both found in nucleus. Electrons have negative charge and orbit outside of nucleus in electron shell. Atom has neutral charge when protons equal electrons.

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7
Q

Particles and Mass:

Elements are identified by…

A

Number of protons an element contains in the nucleus. Periodic table orders elements by atomic number.

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8
Q

Mass number

A

Numbers of protons plus neutrons.

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9
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Exact mass of all particles measured in daltons.

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10
Q

How do atoms form molecules and compounds.

A

Bonding- atoms react with other atoms to make chemical bonds.

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11
Q

Electron Shells

A

Use 2 8 8 rule.

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12
Q

Atoms: Chemical properties

A

Electrons attempt to achieve a full outer shell when exposed to different elements. Lose electrons of 1-3 electrons in outer shell. Accept electrons if 4-7.

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13
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Forces that hold molecules together or attract one molecule to another.

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14
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Attraction between oppositely charges ions. Cations are positive charged. Anions are negatively charged.

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15
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Strong electron Bonds. Electrons are shared between atoms. Stronger than ionic Bonds

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16
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak attractions between slightly positive hydrogen atom on one molecule and slightly negative oxygen atom in another. Hydrogen Bonds between h2o molecules cause surface tension. Results in unique characteristics of water. Very important to physiology for protein and DNA structure.

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17
Q

Compounds

A

Substance made of 2 or more different elements chemically bonded together. Changes the properties. Can be broken down to simpler matter by chemical means.

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18
Q

Mixtures

A

Substances composed of combinations of elements and/or compounds. Physically intermingled…often not property change. Mixed together but not chemically bonded. Ex: body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals.

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19
Q

Water in Bodies

A

Polar covalent bonds and V-shaped molecule give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life.

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20
Q

Solvency

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals. Water is universal solvent. Hydrophilic substances that dissolve in water. Hydrophobic substances that do not dissolve in water. All metabolic reactions depend on solvency.

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

Tendency of the same molecules to cling to each other. Water is very cohesive due to hydrogen Bonds. Changes in temp occur slowly. Obvious at surface-surface film. Molecules held together by surface tension.

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22
Q

Chemical reactivity

A

Ability to participate in chemical reactions.

23
Q

Mixture solution

A

Consists of particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent.

24
Q

Mixture Colloid

A

A solution of very large organic molecules. Most common in the body are mixtures of protein and water.

25
Q

Mixture Suspension

A

A solution in which particles settle. Or sediment

26
Q

Mixture Solute

A

Can be a gas, liquid, or solid. Will pass through most membranes. Will not separate on standing.

27
Q

Electrolyte

A

Substance that ionizes when dissolved in water. Imbalance disturbs vital body functions. Determine nerve, heart, and muscle actions.

28
Q

pH

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. A change of one number represents a 10 fold change in concentration. A 4.0 pH is 10 times as acidic as 5.0 pH.

29
Q

Acid (Acidic)

A

pH lower than 7.0. High H+ concentration. Low OH - concentration

30
Q

Base

A

pH higher than 7.0. High OH- concentration. Low H+ concentration.

31
Q

pH scale

A

Has an inverse relationship. More H+ has lower pH.

32
Q

What happens when there is excess H+ or low pH?

A

Damages cells and tissues. Alters proteins. Interferes with normal physiological functions.

33
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

The study of compounds containing carbon.

34
Q

Functional Groups

A

Carbon backbone carries a variety of functional groups. Groups allow molecules to interact with other molecules. Determines many of the properties of organic molecules. Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate.

35
Q

Macromolecules

A

Very large organic molecules. High molecular weight. Proteins, DNA.

36
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made of repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

37
Q

Monomers

A

Identical or similar subunits

38
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Function: energy storage; quickly mobilize source of energy; all digested carbohydrates converted to glucose; oxidized to make ATP. Structure: external surface of cell membrane-glycolipids, glycoproteins; mucus of respiratory tracts-glycoproteins; tough rubbery texture of cartilage, gels that hold cells and tissue together-proteglycans

39
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic organic molecule- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Five primary types in humans- fatty acids; triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids.

40
Q

Proteins

A

Greek word meaning of first importance.( most versatile molecules in the body). A polymer of amino acids.

41
Q

Amino Acids

A

Central carbon with 3 attachments. 20 Amino acids. 8 essential amino acids.

42
Q

Confirmation

A

Unique 3 dimensional shape of protein crucial to function. Ability to reversibly change their confirmation. Enzyme function, muscle contraction, opening and closing of cell membrane.

43
Q

Denaturation

A

Extreme conformational change that destroys function. Extreme heat or pH; when you cook an egg. Changes enzyme shape.

44
Q

7 major protein functions

A

Support-structural proteins(collagen). Movement-contractile proteins(actin and myosin). Transport-transport proteins(hemoglobin). Buffering-regulation of pH. Metabolic regulation-enzymes(sucrase). Coordination and control-hormones(insulin). Defense-antibodies.

45
Q

Protein Purposes

A

Control anatomical structure and physiological function. Determine cell shape and tissue properties. Perform almost all cell function.

46
Q

Enzymes

A

Helps start chemical reactions in cells. Are catalysts, proteins that lower the activation energy required of a chemical reaction. Not changed or used up in reaction. Amylase enzyme digests starch.

47
Q

Substrates/ How Enzymes Work

A

Substrate-Reactants in enzymatic reactions. Substrates bin to enzyme to substrates come together to form product.

48
Q

Enzyme characteristics

A

Specificity-one enzyme catalyze one reaction. Saturation Limits-maximum work rate. Regulation-ability to turn off and on.

49
Q

Enzyme Denaturation

A

pH- alters or destroys the ability of the enzyme to bind to the substrate; vary in optimum pH. Salivary amylase works best at pH 7.0; Pepsin works best at pH 2.0.
Temperature- optimum for human enzymes at body temp (37 degrees C)

50
Q

Nucleus Acids

A

Large organic molecules found in the nucleus that store and process information at the molecular level.
DNA and RNA.
Are the building blocks of DNA.
3 molecular parts: sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base(A,G,T,C)

51
Q

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

A

DNA. Determines inherited characteristics. Directs protein synthesis. Controls enzyme production. Controls metabolism. DNA in cell nucleus contains information needed to construct all of the proteins in the body. Double helix joined at bases by hydrogen Bonds.

52
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

RNA. Codes intermediate steps in producing proteins. Single stranded

53
Q

ATP

A

Nucleotide. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP). Singles nucleotide,energy currency if the cell.

Bio 168 (10 decks)

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