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Bio 168 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous system and Endocrine system

A

Nervous is fast endocrine is slow which is minutes to hours

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2
Q

Sense organs

A

Picks up and send signal to brain afferent

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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord

A

Processes information. Efferent

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4
Q

Nerves

A

Cluster of axons

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5
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System. Anything including brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system. All of the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

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7
Q

Functions of CNS

A

Processing and coordinate. Originate any kind of signal then send it back out. Interpret sensory information down to skeletal muscle. Higher functions, intelligence memory learning and emotion. Controls activities of peripheral organs.

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8
Q

Functions of PNS

A

Composed of nerves and ganglia. Deliver sensory information to CNS. Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems.

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9
Q

Nerves

A

Bundle of nerve fibers(axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.

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10
Q

Ganglion

A

A knot like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.

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11
Q

Functional divisions of PNS

A

Afferent division and Efferent divisions.

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12
Q

Afferent Division

A

Carries sensory information(action potentials). From PNS sensory receptors to CNS.

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

Carry information from afferent or sensory neurons to efferent or motor neurons through CNS. Confined to CNS.

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14
Q

Efferent Division

A

Carries motor commands (action potential) away from CNS. From CNS to PNS muscles and glands.

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15
Q

Nerves

A

Also called peripheral nerves. 43 pairs of nerves originating from CNS. Carry sensory information and motor commands in PNS. 12 cranial nerves connected to brain. 31 spinal nerves attached to spinal cord.

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Eyes ears. Detects changes and responds to stimuli.

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17
Q

Effectors

A

Responds to efferent signals. Cells and organs. Skeletal muscle. Action part.

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18
Q

Efferent Division

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

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19
Q

SNS

A

Somatic Nervous System. Controls skeletal muscle contractions. Involuntary muscle contractions (reflexes).

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20
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic nervous system. Controls subconscious actions. Including Sympathetic Division and parasympathetic Division.

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21
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Stimulating effect. Fight or flight.

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22
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Relaxing effect.

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23
Q

Neuralgia

A

50% of the volume of the nervous system. Outnumber neurons 10 to 1. 6 types in CNS and PNS. Protect neurons and help them function. Glial cells. Very proliferative. Cause of cancer.

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24
Q

Neuroglia in CNS

A

Ependymal, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia.

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25
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Maintenance and secrete cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and monitor CSF. Contain stem cells.

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26
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant and do a little of everything. Regenerative. Maintain blood brain barrier.

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27
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Schwann cells of CNS. Resemble and octopus. Myelinate the axons.

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28
Q

Myelination

A

Increases speed of action potentials. Myelin insulates myelinated axons. Makes nerves appear white.

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29
Q

Microglia

A

Immune cells within CNS. Clean up cellular debris waste products and pathogens. Become concentrated in damaged areas.

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30
Q

Nodes and internodes

A

Myelinated segments of axon. Nodes are gaps within internodes called nodes of ranvier where axons may branch.

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31
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated. Transit areas. Processing center. Where things get perceived. Myelinated highways. Sent down to spinal cord. Three types of tracts; association, commiseral, and projection.

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32
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated

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33
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of cell bodies. Found in specific areas. Bumps or nodules throughout a nerve. Writing, typing, driving a car. Voluntary but routine.

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34
Q

Glioma

A

Type of brain cancer. Blood brain barrier decreases effectiveness of chemotherapy.

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35
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the forehead.

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36
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the spine.

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37
Q

4 major portions of the brain

A

Cerebrum(cerebral hemispheres). 83% of brain volume. Diencephalon. Cerebellum. Brain stem

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38
Q

Gyri

A

Thick folds of cerebrum separated by sulci.

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39
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves that separate the gyri.

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40
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Deep groove that separates the cerebral hemispheres.

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41
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects the hemispheres.

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42
Q

Diencephalon

A

Right under corpus callosum. Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. Forebrain.

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43
Q

Cerebellum

A

Marked by gyri, sulci, and fissures. About 10% of brain volume but contains over 50% of brain neurons.

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44
Q

Brainstem

A

Major components: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

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45
Q

Meninges

A

Skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, brain. S,D,A,P,B
Spiders don’t act purposely bad.

46
Q

Meningitis

A

Any kind of inflammation in the meninges. Pressure on brain.

47
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled components in brain. 2 lateral. Third goes through. Four at bottom.

48
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Contained in ventricles. Reduces brain weight by 97%. Used for protection from trauma. Buoyancy to keep brain from being impaired by own weight. Chemical stability by nourishing brain by rinsing metabolic waste from nervous tissue and homeostatically regulates its chemical environment.

49
Q

Blood supply in brain

A

2% of adult body weight but receives 15% of blood. High demand of ATP.

50
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions to make sure nothing that is not supposed to pass goes through. Permeable to things that are needed.

51
Q

Forebrain

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon. Contains thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus. And third ventricle.

52
Q

Sensory areas

A

Areas that pick up information that sensory sensors pick up. Temp and touch.

53
Q

Association areas

A

Interpretation areas. Where we perceive that is it hot.

54
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Sensory hominculus: body parts in proportion to cortex dedicated to their sensation. Amount of cortico space used to interpret senses. Hands face and mouth. Postcentral gyrus.

55
Q

Motor Control

A

Precentral gyrus. Similar to homonculus. Dedicated to hands face. Body parts on proportion to amount of primary motor cortex dedicated to their control.

56
Q

Basal Nuclei/Ganglia

A

Voluntary but repetitive movements. Writing, typing, driving a car. Learned behaviors one carries out with little thought. Associated with Parkinson’s disease. Lesions cause dyskinesia.

57
Q

Cerebellum

A

Highly repetitive motor coordination. Standing and not falling over. Skeletal muscle control.

58
Q

Association tracts

A

Top of brain and middle. Linking within cortex.

59
Q

Projection tracts

A

Go down into brain.

60
Q

Commiseral tracts

A

Left and right between hemispheres.

61
Q

Cerebral Lateralization.

A

“Left brained and right brained”. Functional characteristics. Left is math and science. Right is artistic.

62
Q

Thalamus

A

The filter and gateway to cortex. Tells cortex what you want to be aware of.

63
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic regulation. Regulates petuitary gland which is a major endocrine gland.

64
Q

Epithalamus

A

Regulates the pineal gland.

65
Q

Midbrain

A

Substantria nigra. A regulatory motor pattern.

66
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Hindbrain. Very primitive things that keep us alive. Heart rate. Vasomotor or adjusts blood vessel diameter. More basic than hypothalamus.

67
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain. Anterior bulge in brainstem. Sleep respiration and posture. Highway system. Pathways in and out of cerebellum.

68
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture and involuntary motor control. Hindbrain. Maintains muscle tone. Spatial perception. Hearing. Planning and scheduling tasks.

69
Q

Higher brain functions

A

Sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language. Limbic system and reticular formation.

70
Q

Limbic System

A

Center of emotion, learning, and memory. Ring of structures on medial cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon. Have centers for gratification and aversion.

71
Q

Gratification

A

Sensations of pleasure or reward.

72
Q

Aversion

A

Sensations of fear and sorrow.

73
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem. Had connections with many areas of cerebrum.

74
Q

Functions of reticular formation

A

Pain modulation. Sleep and consciousness. Cardiovascular control. Somatic motor control.

75
Q

Language

A

Wernicke and broca areas.

76
Q

Aphasia

A

Any language deficit from lesions in same hemispheres.

77
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

Conduction: pass information up and down spinal cord. Locomotion: walking. Reflexes: involuntary protective movements such as withdrawal of hand from pain.

78
Q

Enlargement of spinal cord

A

Caused by amount of gray matter

79
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of cord.

80
Q

Roots

A

2 branches of spinal nerves. Central and dorsal root.

81
Q

Ventral Root

A

Axons of motor neurons.

82
Q

Dorsal root

A

Axons of sensory neurons.

83
Q

Spinal meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

84
Q

Functions of spinal meninges

A

Isolate spinal cord from surroundings, protect spinal cord, carry blood supply, continuous with cranial meninges. Meningitis: bacterial infection of meninges.

85
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Carry messages up to brain.

86
Q

Descending tracts

A

Carry messages down spinal cord.

87
Q

3 connective tissues of spine

A

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.

88
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Regional loss of sensory or motor function due to trams or compression.

89
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Adrenergenic synapse

90
Q

Dopamine

A

CNS. May be excitatory and inhibitory. Involved in Parkinson’s. cocaine use excitatory.

91
Q

Serotonin

A

CNS neurotransmitter. Low levels can be related to depression.

92
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

93
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential. Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane.

94
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Graded hyperpoparizarion of postsynaptic membrane.

95
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Multiple times. Rapid repeated stimuli at 1 synapse.

96
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Multiple stimuli arrive at multiple synapses.

97
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Homeostatic functions. Regulation of everything. And some metabolic. Involuntary.

98
Q

Visceral Reflexes

A

Internal organs. Unconscious automatic.

99
Q

Receptors

A

Detect internal stimuli.

100
Q

Afferent

A

From sensory receptor to brain.

101
Q

Interneuron

A

Process information in CNS

102
Q

Short reflexes

A

1 small part of target. Less synapses.

103
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight. Exercise. Arousal. Trauma. Anger. Short preganglionic fibers. Long postganglionic.

104
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Digestion and elimination of waste.

105
Q

Somatic motor pathway

A

One long myelinated motor neuron. Attached to skeletal muscle.

106
Q

Autonomic motor pathway

A

Signal must travel across two neurons.

107
Q

Sympathetic divisions

A

Need heightened energy.

108
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Relaxation.

109
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Digestive tract. Runs on own circuitry of nerves. No components of CNS. CNS can override and influence.

110
Q

Dual innervation

A

Receive nerve fibers from both sympathetic and parasympathetic

111
Q

CNS

A

Can regulate autonomic functions.

Bio 168 (10 decks)

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