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A&P > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

1
Q

Outer boundary of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

Fluid within the cells

A

Intracellular fluid

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3
Q

Fluid outside and between the cells

A

Extracellular fluid

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4
Q

Makes up the lipid bilayer

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Heads-interact with water

A

Hydrophilic

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6
Q

Tails-do not interact with water

A

Hydrophobic

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7
Q

Makes up 20% of the membrane lipids

Stabilizes the membrane

Makes the membrane less fluid

A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

Arteries that have increased cholesterol, less fluid, and loss of flexibility

A

Atherosclerotic arteries

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9
Q

Firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer and span the entire width of the cell membrane

A

Integral proteins

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10
Q

Created by integral proteins clustering together. This allows water soluble molecules and ions to pass through the membrane

A

Channels

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11
Q

Bind to substances and move them through the membrane

A

Carriers

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12
Q

Attached to integral proteins
Help support the membrane
some are enzymes
Others change the cell’s shape during cell division and muscle cell contraction

A

Peripheral proteins

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13
Q

branches of sugar groups consisting of glycolipids and glycoproteins, gives the cell its identity

A

Glycocalyx

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14
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increases surface area for absorption, found on cells in the digestive system

A

Microvilli

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15
Q

Protein molecules in adjacent plasma membranes fuse together, form impermeable junctions that encircle the cell, and prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

A

Tight Junction

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16
Q

Anchoring junctions, on the cytoplasmic (inside) of the cell, adjacent cells do not touch, but are held together by thin linker proteins; found in skin

A

Desmosomes

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17
Q

Allows chemical substances to pass between adjacent cells; in embryonic cells to distribute nutrients before the circulatory system is developed and also found between heart muscle cells

A

Gap junctions

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18
Q

Transport of substances that do not use energy to cross the membrane

A

Passive Transport

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19
Q

Transport of substances that require energy to cross the membrane

A

Active Transport

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20
Q

Molecules scatter evenly throughout the environment

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

Molecules that move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A

Concentration gradient

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22
Q

What influences the speed of diffusion?

A

Size of the molecules and temperature

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23
Q

The unassisted diffusion of water, water follows the greater number of solutes

A

Osmosis

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24
Q

Water and solutes move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

A

Filtration

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25
Q

Molecules that are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer combine with a protein carrier in the plasma membrane to cross the membrane. What type of transport is this?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

The ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume

A

Tonicity

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27
Q

By which two ways do molecules cross the membrane in facilitated diffusion?

A

Bind to protein carriers in the membrane and are ferried across
Move through water filled protein channels

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28
Q

The solution contains the same number of solutes as the cell

A

Isotonic solution

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29
Q

The solution contains a higher number of solutes than the cell

A

Hypertonic solution

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30
Q

Which way does the water move in a hypertonic solution?

A

out of the cell

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31
Q

The solution contains a lower number of solutes than the cell

A

Hypotonic solution

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32
Q

Which way does the water move in a hypotonic solution?

A

into the cell

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33
Q

What happens to the cell when in an isotonic solution?

A

Maintain their shape and exhibit no loss or gain of water

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34
Q

What happens to the cell when in a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell loses water, shrinks, or crenates

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35
Q

What happens to the cell when in a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell plumps up rapidly as it fills with water until it bursts.

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36
Q

When a cell uses energy (ATP) to move solutes across the membrane against their concentration gradient

A

Active Processes

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37
Q

Two major means of active membrane transport

A

Active and Vesicular Transport

38
Q

Type of transport where large particles are transported across the membrane with a vesicle using ATP

A

Vesicular transport

39
Q

Moves substances from inside of the cell to the extracellular space

A

Exocytosis

40
Q

Moves substances from the extracellular space to the inside of the cell

A

Endocytosis

41
Q

The cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

Fluid substance inside the cell

A

Cytosol

43
Q

The power house of the cell, where ATP is made, and contains its own DNA

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Organelle in the cell that is composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA and is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

45
Q

Ribosomes make proteins that are secreted from the cell or used in the membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

Enzymes catalyze reactions involved with:

  1. Lipid metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol
  2. Make steroid based hormones
  3. Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
  4. Detoxification of drugs, certain pesticides, and carcinogens
  5. Breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose
A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

47
Q

The smooth ER in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Major function is to modify, concentrate, and package proteins and membranes made at the rough ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

49
Q

Sacs containing digestive enzymes, clean up debris in the cell

A

Lysosomes

50
Q

Rods running through the cytosol, support the cell structure

A

Cytoskeleton

51
Q

Small, barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other. Organize the mitotic spindles in cell division. Form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

52
Q

Fingerlike projections that move substances in one direction across the cell surface in one direction. Found in the nose and trachea

A

Cilia

53
Q

Cell projection that moves the entire cell.

i.e tail of sperm

A

Flagella

54
Q

The control center of the cell that contains our DNA

A

nucleus

55
Q

Contains more than one nucleus

A

multinucleated

56
Q

Name two types of cells that are multinucleated in the human body

A

Skeletal muscle cells and liver cells

57
Q

Does not contain a nucleus; mature red blood cells

A

anucleated

58
Q

The resting phase of the cell cycle
Period between cell formation and cell division
Not a phase in mitosis

A

Interphase

59
Q

What has to occur before a cell can divide?

A

DNA must be replicated so the original cell’s genes will be passed on to future cells

60
Q

Enzymes that untwists the DNA helix to make two strands of DNA that will be used as a template to make more DNA

A

Helicase

61
Q

Bind to the nitrogen containing bases and are then used to bond the new complimentary strand to the old strand

A

DNA polymerases

62
Q

What does adenine bind to in DNA replication?

A

Thymine

63
Q

What does guanine bind to in DNA replication?

A

Cytosine

64
Q

Which type of cells cannot divide and are only repaired with scar tissue?

A

Neural, skeletal, and heart muscle cells

65
Q

What type of cells are reproduced continually?

A

Skin and intestinal lining

66
Q

Which type of cells reproduce more slowly?

A

Liver cells, except if the organ is damaged

67
Q

Cell division: division of the nucleus

A

Mitosis

68
Q

Cell division: division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

69
Q

Four phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase

70
Q

First and longest phase of mitosis

A

Prophase

71
Q

What stage does this occur:
The centriole pairs separate
Mitotic spindles grow from the centrioles
As they grow, the push the centrioles farther apart, eventually ending up on opposite sides of the cell
The nuclear membrane starts to breakup allowing the spindles to interact with chromosomes

A

Prophase

72
Q

What phase of mitosis:

Second phase of mitosis
Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell
Centromeres are in the exact center of the spindle (equator)

A

Metaphase

73
Q

What stage of mitosis:

Third and shortest phase of mitosis
Centromeres of the chromosome split
Each chromatid becomes a chromosome (daughter chromosome)
Each chromosome is pulled toward the pole it faces
The cell elongates

A

Anaphase

74
Q

What stage of mitosis:

Final stage
Begins when chromosome movement stops
Chromosomes uncoil and look like threads again
Nucleus reappears
Nuclear membrane forms
A

Telephase

75
Q

Master blueprint for making all the proteins in our body

A

DNA

76
Q

Segments of DNA that carries instructions for one protein

A

Genes

77
Q

Name the nucleotide bases

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

78
Q

The three base sequence of nucleotides that form an amino acid

A

Triplet

79
Q

What allows our cells to make different types of proteins needed?

A

Different sequences of nucleotide bases

80
Q

How does DNA transfer information to the ribosomes to make proteins?

A

RNA

81
Q

Single strand of nucleotides
Sugar is ribose
Bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

A

RNA

82
Q

What are the three forms of RNA?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

83
Q

Form of RNA that is cloverleaf shaped; carries the amino acid

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

84
Q

What form of RNA forms part of the ribosome?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

85
Q

What form of RNA consists of long nucleotide strands that look like half of DNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

86
Q

mRNA’s corresponding 3 base sequence

A

Codon

87
Q

Type of RNA that helps mRNA bind to the ribosome

A

rRNA

88
Q

Type of RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

89
Q

The amino acid is bound to the______ of tRNA?

A

Tail

90
Q

What is bound to the head of tRNA?

A

Anticodon

91
Q

Translation starts with what start codon?

A

AUG

A&P (9 decks)

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