The Cell

Question 1

What are the 4 major groups of tissue?

Answer 1

A group of similar cells that perform a similar function.

Epithelial (covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs)
Connective (connects different parts of the body)
Muscular (contractile, moves various things like body and blood)
Nervous (tissue of nervous system)

Question 2

Organ

Answer 2

A part of the body composed of at least 2 different kinds of tissue.
All the tissues involved contribute to a specific function/activity.

Question 3

Organ System

Answer 3

A group of organs related to each other that perform functions together.

Organ systems operating together form the organism

Question 4

Plasma Cell Membrane

Answer 4

A flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents.
Separates cell from external environment.
Contains membrane proteins that identify cell, strengthen the membrane and move substances in and out of the cell.
Selectively Permeable

Question 5

Intercellular Fluid (cytosol)

Answer 5

Fluid inside the cell

Contents of the fluid are regulated

Question 6

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 6

Fluid outside the cell:
Fluid between cells (interstitial fluid)
Fluid in blood vessels (plasma)
Fluid in surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Question 7

Membrane Proteins

Answer 7

Proteins that are either embedded in the membrane or are attached to one side of the membrane.

Function as:
Selective channels that allow and/or move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other

Identify the cell

Strengthen and support cell membranes and connect adjacent cent membranes

Question 8

Microvilli

Answer 8

Structure: finger-like projections of the plasma membrane
Function: no movement; increase surface area

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

The contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus)

Structure: 2 components intercellular fluid/cytosol (water, dissolved substances) and organelles

Function: cell metabolism and storage

Question 10

Cytoskeleton

Answer 10

A network of protein filaments within the cytosol

Function: provides a structural framework for cell shape, a scaffold for the organization/placement and movement of cell contents (organelles), Force Transmission and aids in cell movement

Question 11

Nucleus

Answer 11

Structure: rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell

Function: the control centre for cell - responsible for the cells metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Contains DNA.

In all human cells but Red Blood Cells

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

Function: site of protein synthesis

Question 13

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

Function: the site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached)

Question 14

Smooth Endiplasmic Reticulum

Answer 14

Function: makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism

Question 15

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 15

Function: processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane around the cell

Question 16

Lysosomes

Answer 16

Function: the break down substances that the cell has taken in it normal parts of that cell that are damaged

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

Function: power plants of the cell.

Transform organic compounds into energy (ATP) that is easily accessible to the cell

Question 18

Cilia

Answer 18

Structure: short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell

Function: movement of the cilia causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface

Question 19

Flagella

Answer 19

Structure: similar to cilia but longer

Function: move the cell

Question 20

The Cell

Answer 20

The Smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life

Question 21

Membrane Transport

Answer 21

Cells must be able to transport material across plasma membrane passively or actively

Question 22

Passive transport

Answer 22

No energy is needed to move the substances

Examples: diffusion and osmosis

Question 23

Active transport

Answer 23

Energy is needed to move the substance

Example:
Active Transport and transport in vesicles

Question 24

Diffusion (passive)

Answer 24

Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient.

Both solvent and diluted undergo diffusion (move down their concentration gradients).

Across plasma membrane, molecules can either move straight through or go through membrane proteins.

Question 25

Osmosis (passive)

Answer 25

Diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

Only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes

Question 26

Active Transport

Answer 26

The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient.

Energy is used/needed to ‘pump’ it in or out of the cell

Movement is through membrane-bound proteins

Question 27

Endocytosis

Answer 27

Extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane.

Question 28

Phagocytosis

Answer 28

A form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solids particles like bacteria, viruses, worn out cells.

Only phagocytes are able to perform phagocytosis.

Question 29

Exocytosis

Answer 29

Vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell

Question 30

Cell Junctions

Answer 30

1. Tight junctions: prevent passage of substances between cells
2. Anchoring junctions (anchor cells to one another)
3. Gap junctions provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells