BASIC CONCEPTS OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Microscopic building blocks of matter containing a nucleus and surround electrons
Atom
A substance made of different atoms
Compound
A substance made entirely of the same atoms
Element
A combination of two or more atoms to make up a cell
Molecule
An atom w/ a positive/negative charge due to unequal numbers of protons and electrons
Ion
An electrically charged atom w/ an unpaired electron
Free radical
A reaction when bonds are formed or broken to either store or release energy
Chemical reaction
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
Metabolism
The building phase of metabolism consuming energy
Anabolism
The breaking down phase of metabolism producing energy
Catabolism
Provides a form of ‘energy currency’, through anabolism and catabolism reactions
ATP
Aka. Energy released to get energy to perform various functions
Breaking ATP
Aka. Energy used. Reforming ATP using energy from carbohydrates creating ADP
Reforming ATP
Substances that are used to make energy (reform ATP)
Energy substrates
Process of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration happens without oxygen present
Anaerobic
Cellular respiration happens with oxygen present
Aerobic
Metabolism in which glucose breakdown is used to reform ADP+PI into ATP
Carbohydrate (Glucose) Metabolism
Process of making ATP from glucose in the cell cytoplasm is called?
Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria, yields 26-28 more ATP
Glucose metabolism with oxygen
Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid/lactate then diffuses out of cell into the blood
Glucose metabolism without oxygen
A process to generate ATP only in the presence of oxygen, depending on the size of fat
Fat metabolism
The breakdown of stored fat into glycerol and fatty acids which is used to make ATP
Lipolysis
Aka. Liver cells. Creates ketone bodies used by other cells to make ATP
Hepatocytes
Process of a substance broken down into amino acids and are assembled into proteins, used to generate ATP
Protein metabolism
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions
Acid
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ion
Base
A substance that dissociates into +/- ions
Salt
Determines the level of a given solution will be acidic or alkaline
pH scale
Substances need for body structure and function
Nutrients
Compounds including water, many salts, acids and bases are considered? Contains no carbon
Inorganic compounds
Accounts for 65% of body’s weight. Substance assisting many chemical reactions
Water
A substance that dissolves a solute
Solvent
A substance dissolved by the solvent
Solute
A chemical mixture of a solvent and solute
Solution
Compounds including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP are considered? Contains carbon
Organic compounds
An organic compound primarily used as a energy substrate
Carbohydrates
A major carb source in our diets
Starches
The storage form of glucose
Glycogen
Aka. Fats and other fat-like substances used as energy substrates
Lipids
A storage form of excess calories
Triglycerides
An organic compound made up of amino acids
Protein
Term for: regulates biochemical reactions
Catalytic
Consists of genetic material and contains most cell activities
DNA
A nucleic acid that relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis
RNA
