The Cell

Question 0

Name two prokaryotes

Answer 0

Bacteria and archaea

Question 1

Cell fractionation

Answer 1

Technique for studying cell structure in which cell components are separated using a centrifuge (spins tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at various speeds) this results in a fraction of cell components that settle at the bottom forming a pellet with large parts at low speeds + small parts at high speeds

Question 2

Name 4 eukaryotes

Answer 2

Protists, fungi, animals and plants

Question 3

The endomembrane system consists of

Answer 3

The nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane

Question 4

The endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

An extensive network of membranes that consist of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae. It separates the ER lumen from the cytosol.

Question 5

Function of smooth ER

Answer 5

Metabolic process e.g synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons.

Question 6

Function of rough ER

Answer 6

Production of proteins for secretion e.g pancreatic cells synthesize insulin on the rough ER and secrete it into the blood stream

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules

Question 8

Name the three types of intercellular junctions in animal cells

Answer 8

Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions

Question 9

Tight junctions

Answer 9

Plasma membranes pressed together and bound by proteins

Question 10

Desmosomes

Answer 10

Structures that act like rivets (keratin protein) they fasten cells together in sheets

Question 11

Gap junctions

Answer 11

Junctions which provide cytoplasmic communication channels

Question 12

Amphipatic molecules

Answer 12

Have both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region e.g phospholipids

Question 13

Light microscope

Answer 13

Visible light is passed through the selectmen and then through glass lenses

Question 14

Electron microscope

Answer 14

A beam of electrons is focused thought the specimen or on its surface

Question 15

Features that prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common

Answer 15

• plasma membrane
• cytosol
• chromosomes
• ribosomes

Question 16

Proteins made from free ribosomes function

Answer 16

Function within cytosol e.g enzymes that catalyse glycolysis

Question 17

Function of proteins made from bound ribosomes

Answer 17

Insertion into membranes, for packaging with organelles e.g lysosomes and for secretion from the cell

Question 18

The central vacuole contains cell aap which can store?

Answer 18

Proteins, ions, metabolic by-products, colour pigments, plant poisons and water

Question 19

Cellular respiration

Answer 19

A metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of oxygen

Question 20

Photosynthesis

Answer 20

Converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds

Question 21

Three types of molecular structures of the cytoskeleton

Answer 21

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Question 22

How are plant cell walls formed

Answer 22

Cellulose microfibrils are secreted into the extracellular space where they become embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins

Question 23

Plasmodesmata

Answer 23

Channels that perforate plant cell walls which connect the chemical components of adjacent cells. These connections unify the plant into one living continuum