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605 Pathology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

where almost all genomic information is stored and compacted
2 layer membrane

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2
Q

Heterochromatin

A

inactive form, appears condensed

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3
Q

Euchromatin

A

active form, more spread out/relaxed

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4
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A

chromatin, nuclear proteins, RNA, nucleolus

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5
Q

What charge does DNA have?

A

negatively charged

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6
Q

nucelosome

A

basic structural unit of chromatin; made up of an octomer of histones

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7
Q

What charge are histones?

A

negative charge (very basic)

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8
Q

Modification of Histone Proteins

A

loosening allows for transcription/replication to occur, whereas tightening will shu that process off

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9
Q

How many base pairs are within a nucleosome?

A

146 bp

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10
Q

transcription

A

generation of RNA sequence by RNA polymerase

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11
Q

What three types of RNA are made by transcription?

A
  1. messenger RNA (mRNA); mainly this
  2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
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12
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that is read to devvelop a particular mRNA encoding a protein

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13
Q

4 Ways Transciption is Regulated

A
  1. Transcription factors
  2. Enhancers
  3. Repressors
  4. Epigenetics
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14
Q

Goal of the cell cycle?

A

to ensure appropriate DNA replication and integrity via checkpoints

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15
Q

What are five proteins that regulate the cell cycle?

A
  1. Cyclins
  2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
  3. CDK inhibitors
  4. p53
  5. Rb
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16
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle

A
  1. G1 (growth)
    checkpoint
  2. S (synthesis)
  3. G2 (growth and prep to divide)
    checkpoint
  4. M (mitosis)
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17
Q

Most frequently used DNA repair mechanism?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

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18
Q

Relationship between Fidelity and DNA Repair

A

High fidelity = better repair (for small things)

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19
Q

What kinds of things can damage DNA?

A

radiation, anti-tumor drugs, UV rays, free radicals, etc

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

the site at which rRNA is transcribed and ribosomal sub-units are assembled

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21
Q

Relationship between nucleolus size and protein synthesis?

A

larger nucleolus = more protein synthesis

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22
Q

rRNA as a Diagnostic Tool

A

sequence the rRNA for fungal and bacterial identification

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23
Q

5 Important Locations in the Cell (inside –> outside)

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Structural Components
  4. Plasma Membrane
  5. Cell Signaling Pathways
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24
Q

Ribosomes

A

within the cytoplasm, either free floating or on rough ER; synthesize proteins from mRNA via translation

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25
Q

Proteins from free floating ribosomes go where?

A

cytosol, nucleus, or mitochondria

26
Q

Proteins from Rough ER can go where?

A

secretion, membrane, ER, Golgi, or lysosomes

27
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

28
Q

Codon

A

3 mRNA bases that encodes an AA

29
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

in ribosomes

30
Q

How can translation be regulated in the ribosomes?

A

repressors or modification of initiation factors

31
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Modifications

A
  1. Folds proteins into 3D conformations
  2. Assembles multi-subunit proteins
  3. Forms disulfide bonds
  4. Begins glycosylation
  5. Adds glycolipid anchors
32
Q

Functions in the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

site of lipid metabolism and membrane lipid synthesis, including cholesterols and steroid hormones

33
Q

Smooth ER in Adrenal Cortical Cells

A

produces sex hormones derived from cholesterol, often appear foamy on histo

34
Q

Smooth ER in hepatocytes contain what important molecule?

A

cytochrome p450

35
Q

Cytochrome p450

A

inacivates a number of drugs by converting them to water-soluble compounds to be excreted in the urine

36
Q

What enzyme do cats not have that limits their ability to breakdown acetaminophen?

A

glucoronyl transferase [via glucuronidation]

37
Q

Acetaminophen Toxicity in Cats

A

since it cannot ALL be broken down by sulfation, carried by the blood to liver where cytochrome p450 breaks down acetaminophen which produces toxic NAPQIs and results in hepatocellular necrosis

38
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

receives proteins from the ER and packages them to go to lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secretion

39
Q

Golgi apparatus and plasma cells

A

golgi creates a perinuclear clear zone within all the antibody

40
Q

Mott cells

A

constipated plasma cell, where it makes a lot of Ab but doesn’t secrete it

41
Q

Russel bodies

A

dilations of endoplasmic reticulum full of Ab

42
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles with enzymes to degrade stuff, either from endocytosis and/or autophagy, and can also recycle compnents for new enrgy or proteins by transporting back to the Golgi

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

mainly done by macropahges and neutrophils, eats and digests stuff

44
Q

Mycobacteria

A

developed a way to prevent lysosome fusion with the phagosome and therefore avoid the enzymes and don’t breakdown

45
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

46
Q

What two processes occur in the mitochondria?

A
  1. Citric acid (Kreb’s) Cycle
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
47
Q

Possible compoents of Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Intermediate filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Microfilaments
48
Q

Ways to transport across a cell membrane

A

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis

49
Q

Intermediate Filaments and Tumor Diagnosis

A

mesenchymal and epithelial cells will each have a different type of intermediate filament so using different stains can help identify the type of tumor

50
Q

4 Major Groups of Cell-Adhesion Molecules

A
  1. Selectins
  2. Integrins
  3. Immunoglobulin superfaimly (IgSF)
  4. Cadherins
51
Q

Pemphigus

A

immune-mediated destruction of desmogelin 1 and 3 (cadherin proteins) so epithelial cells can’t connect, makes acantholytic cells and huge vesicles in your epithelium

52
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

normally leukocytes roll, slow down, and gain entry into the tissue via integrins and selectins BUT in LAD integrin B is missing so the cells won’t slow down so these animals (dogs/cattle) can’t send neutrophils in to kill the bacteria, leading to persistent and recurrent infections

53
Q

Integrin B

A

also known as CD11/CD18
crucial in tissue infiltration for leukocytes

54
Q

2 Cell Signaling Mechanisms

A
  1. Cell to Cell Contact (gap jxns or membrane bound ligands)
  2. Secretion of signaling molecules
55
Q

Ligand

A

the term for a signaling molecule (gas like NO, complex protein, etc) when interacting with the receptor on the target cell

56
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

often act as target receptors for cell signaling; includes ligand-gated ion chanels, G protein coupled receptors, enzyme linked receptors, cytokine/chemokine receptors, pattern recognition receptors, and cluster differentiation markers

57
Q

4 Pattern Recognition Receptors

A
  1. Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)
  2. Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR)
  3. C-type leectin receptors (CLR)
  4. RIG-1 like receptor (RLR)
58
Q

Largest family of receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

59
Q

Kinase

A

putting on or taking offa phosphate group in order to communicate its signal downstream

60
Q

Cluster Differentiation Markers (CDs)

A

used a lot in flow cytology and immunohistochemistry to identify cell types

605 Pathology (14 decks)

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