Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

4 Reversible/Adaptive Disorders of Growth

Answer 1

1. Atrophy
2. Involution
3. Hypertrophy
4. Hyperplasia

Question 2

2 Borderline Reversible/Irreversible Cellular Changes

Answer 2

1. Metaplasia
2. Dysplasia

(these can often be pre-neoplastic)

Question 3

Reversible/Adaptive Disorders that cause increase in tissue size?

Answer 3

Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy

Question 4

Reversible/Adaptive Disorders that cause decrease in tissue size?

Answer 4

Atrophy and Involution

Question 5

Atrophy and Involution Shared Definition

Answer 5

decrease in size or amount of cell, tissue, or organ after normal growth has been reached, along with decreased functional capacity

Question 6

Atrophy

Answer 6

decrease is caused by an adverse environment

Question 7

Involution

Answer 7

decrease is a physiologic (normal) process

Question 8

3 Examples of Involution

Answer 8

1. Thymus
2. Uterus
3. Mammary

Question 9

Atrophy Stimuli

Answer 9

decreased nutrition/ blood flow/stimulatory factors/workload or use/innervation

Question 10

Pressure Atrophy

Answer 10

can be secondary to mass effects –> mass causes tissue to decrease in size

Question 11

Hypertrophy

Answer 11

increase in cell size d/t increased #s and size of organelles as a response to increased workload or ongoing stimulus

Question 12

Examples of Physiologic Hypertrophy

Answer 12

-drug metabolism in liver
-uterine wall in pregnancy
-cardiac/skeletal muscle due to exercise

Question 13

Which is normal and which is hypertrophic?

Answer 13

Question 14

Hyperplasia

Answer 14

increase in cell number from increase mitotic divisions

Question 15

Bilateral thyroid adenomegaly

Answer 15

caused by an iodine deficiency in the dam –> dec. thyroxine in the fetus –> inc. TSH from pituitary –> inc. proliferation of thyroid epithelium

Question 16

Overdevelopment of muscle - hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

Answer 16

hypertrophy

Question 17

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia

Answer 17

inc. # of glands and cells in uterine horn epithelium due to chronic hormonal stimulation

Pyometra can be secondary; progesterone can suppress immune function and produces lots of secretory product that bacteria like

Question 18

Examples of Physiologic Hyperplasia

Answer 18

-compensatory for tissue loss (hepatic or epithelial regeneration)
-mammary gland development in pregnancy
-endometrium during estrus and diestrus
-secondary sex characteristics

Question 19

Metaplasia

Answer 19

one cell type replaced by another cell type, typically caused by chronic irritation or damage

commonly epithelial, less commonly mesenchymal

Question 20

Vitamin A Deficiency in Turtles

Answer 20

can cause non-keratinizing epithelium to become keratinizing, known as squamous metaplasia; common on the eyelids and ears (aural abscesses)

Question 21

Barrett’s Esophagus

Answer 21

squamous mucosal epithelium of esophagus is replaced by gastric glandular mucosal epithelium of the stomach; typically secondary to individuals with chronic acid reflux

Question 22

Dysplasia

Answer 22

abnormal organization (disarray) of cells

Question 23

Two Major Forms of Dysplasia

Answer 23

1. Developmental, or primary
2. Acquired, or secondary

Question 24

Developmental Dysplasia

Answer 24

congenital conditions, generally referring to an organ or tissue

Question 25

congential

Answer 25

present from birth

Question 26

Acquired Dysplasia

Answer 26

can be due to viral infection or chronic irritation/damage (ex: UV damage)

Question 27

Can dysplasia progress to neoplasia?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

Does metaplasia become neoplastic?

Answer 28

no