Diagnoses and Prognoses Flashcards
Two Types of Consequences of Neoplasia
- Direct
- Indirect
Types of Direct Consequences of Neoplasia (6)
- Compress/Destroy Adjacent Tissues
- Disruption of Blood Supply
- Disrupt/loss of function
- Economic
- Quality of Life
- Metastasis
3 Ways a Tumor can Disrupt Blood Supply
- Invasion
- Hemorrhage
- Infarction
Why are we concerned about the economic consequence of neoplasia?
carcass condemnation –> bad for farmer, bad for world
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
complications of neoplasia that are unrelated to the tumor (including size of the tumor, if it metastasized, or benign/malignant)
Most paraneoplastic syndromes are the result of what?
endocrinopathy (d/t hormones or hormone-like peptides released from neoplastic cells)
Indirect Consequences of Neoplasia (5)
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes
- Systemic
- Endocrinopathies
- Vascular/Hematopoietic
- Neurologic
cachexia
loss of both muscle and fat
Most Common Cause of Endocrinopathies?
Functional Tumors of Endocrine Tissue, resulting in excessive native hormone production
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
most commonly caused by ectopic production of PTH-related protein by neoplastic cells, resulting in pseudohyperparathyroidism (example: apocrine gland adenocarcinomas, and lymphomas)
Uses of Cytology concerning Neoplasia
- Neoplastic vs. Inflammation
- Epithelial vs. Mesenchymal vs. Round Cell
- Benign vs. Malignant
Epithelial Neoplasia Appearance on Cytology
clusters of cells (pictured: mammary cell carcinoma)
Mesenchymal Neoplasia Appearance on Cytology
“wispy” cells (poor margins) (pictured: soft tissue sarcoma)
Round Cell Neoplasia Appearance on Cytology
omg they look round, shocker
Giemsa Staining
great for mast cell tumors, histamines are stained dark purple
3 Examples or Round Cell Neoplasms
- Cutaneous Histiocytomas
- Mast Cell Tumors
- Lymphoma
Gold Standard of Diagnosis?
Histopathology
What should you do first - cytology or histopath?
In general, cytology THEN histopath (for greatest amount of information to make a diagnosis)
Advantages of Cytology
fast
inexpensive
easy
can be done in-house
great cellular detail
Main Disadvantage of Cytology
cannot make a specific diagnosis (you can’t compare it to surrounding tissues)
Advantages of Histopathology
great input on tissue architecture, can see how it interacts with surrounding tissues
can use special stains
Disadvantages of Histopathology
slower, more expensive than cytology, requires sedation/surgical excision, send-out process
Five Things to Include with Biopsy Submissions
- Signalment
- History
- Location
- Incisional vs. Excisional?
- Margins Included?
Incisional
cut into tumor (vs excisional would be attempt to remove)
Immunohistochemistry
specifically labeled antibodies to determine the presence of different cell types or other components
Tumor Grading
the use of one or more tumor attributes to predict tumor behavior (and therefore prognosis)
Is tumor grading universal?
no - there are specific schemes for specific types of tumors within specific species
Attributes Used in Grading Tumors
mitotic index, nuclear characteristics, degree of differentiation, necrosis extent, location, cellular arrangement, invasiveness (and more)
Tumor Staging
establishes how advanced the cancer is within the patient (early, late, terminal, etc)
TNM
tumor, node, metastasis system
Tumor of TNM
utilizes characteristics of the primary mass (for example, could be based on size)
