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Biology 11 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cells have:

A
  1. a membrane-bound nucleus
  2. numerous membrane-bound organelles
  3. rod-shaped chromosomes
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2
Q

Means “little organ”; have specialized cellular functions

A

Organelles

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3
Q

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment; controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water, and oxygen into and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

A lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group

A

Phospholipid

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5
Q

The cell’s entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Percent of water consisting the cytoplasm

A

70% to 80%

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7
Q

T or F: The cytoplasm has a semi-solid consistency.

A

True

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8
Q

Houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

A double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus’ outermost portion; punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA

A

Nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where the chromatin and nucleolus can be found

A

Nucleoplasm

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11
Q

Structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

Number of chromosomes in humans

A

46

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13
Q

Number of chromosomes in fruit flies

A

8

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14
Q

Describes the material that makes up the chromosomes both when condensed and decondensed

A

Chromatin

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15
Q

A darkly staining area within the nucleus that aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are then transported out through the pores in the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

The cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Clusters of ribosomes

A

Polyribosomes

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18
Q

Travels to the ribosomes, which translate the code provided by the sequence

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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19
Q

“Powerhouse” or “energy” factories of both plants and animal cells; responsible for making ATP

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

The cell’s main energy-carrying molcule; represents the cell’s short-term stored energy

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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21
Q

The process of making ATP using the chemical energy in glucose and other nutrients; a process that uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide

A

Cellular respiration

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22
Q

Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes; carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids; detoxify many poisons

A

Peroxisomes

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23
Q

Specialized peroxisomes in plants; responsible for converting stored fats into sugars

A

Glyoxysomes

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24
Q

Membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport

A

Vesicles and vacuoles

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25
Q

Can fuse with either the plasma membrane or other membrane systems within the cell

A

Vesicle membranes

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26
Q

Both plant and animal cells have

A

Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

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27
Q

Present in plant cells but not in animal cells:

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast and specialized plastids
  • Central vacuole
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28
Q

A microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells; contains a pair of centrioles; replicates itself before a cell divides; have a role in pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell

A

Centrosome

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29
Q

Two structures that lie perpendicular to each other; each of these is a cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules

A

Centrioles

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30
Q

The cell’s “garbage disposal”; aid in breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles; have more acidic pH

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

A rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the shape to the cell

A

Cell wall

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32
Q

The prokaryotic cell walls’ chief component

A

Peptidoglycan

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33
Q

The major organic molecule in the plant cell wall, a polysaccharide comprised of glucose units

A

Cellulose

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34
Q

Two components of the cell that have their own DNA and ribosomes:

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
35
Q

Are plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

36
Q

The series of reactions that use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to make glucose and oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

37
Q

Referred to plants because they can make their own food

A

Autotrophs

38
Q

Ingest their food, like animals

A

Heterotrophs

39
Q

A set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs

A

Thylakoids

40
Q

A green pigment contained by the chloroplast that captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

41
Q

Plays a key role in regulating the cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions; supports the cell’s expansion

A

Central vacuole

42
Q

A property of the plasma membrane

A

Semipermeable

43
Q

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins; functions in intracellular digestion’ aka “intracellular highway”

A

Endomembrane system

44
Q

The endomembrane system includes:

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • lysosomes
  • vesicles
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
45
Q

A series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

46
Q

Ribosomes are attached to its cytoplasmic surface giving it a studded appearance.

A

Rough ER

47
Q

Transfer their newly synthesized proteins into the RER’s lumen where they undergo structura; modifications

A

Ribosomes

48
Q

Continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface; functions include synthesis of carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones, detoxification of medications and poisons, storing calcium ions

A

Smooth ER

49
Q

Where sorting, tagging, packaging, and distributing lipids and proteins take places; a series of flattened membranous sacs

A

Golgi apparatus

50
Q

The side of the Golgi apparatus closer to the ER

A

cis face

51
Q

The opposite side of the cis face

A

trans face

52
Q

Use their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy pathogens

A

Lysosomes

53
Q

A group of white blood cells which are part of your body’s immune system

A

Macrophages

54
Q

A network of protein fibers that help maintain the cell’s shape, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enale cells within multicellular organisms to move

A

Cytoskeleton

55
Q

Three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton:

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
56
Q

The narrowest; function in cellular movement; have a diameter of about 7 nm; comprised of two globular protein intertwined strands

A

Microfilaments/actin filaments

57
Q

Two globular protein intertwined strands

A

Actin

58
Q

A motor protein

A

Myosin

59
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments

A

8 to 10 nm

60
Q

Have no role in cell movement; structural in function; bear tension, thus maintaining th cell’s shape and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place; most diverse group

A

Intermediate filaments

61
Q

Cytoskeleton’s widest components; help the cell resist compression, provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell; can disassemble and reform quickly like microtubues

A

Microtubules

62
Q

Long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and enable an entire cell to move

A

Flagella

63
Q

Short, hair-like structures that move entire cells; extend along the plasma membrane’s entire surface

A

Cilia

64
Q

A common structural arrangement of microtubules shared by flagella and cilia

A

9+2 array

65
Q

Primary components of the materials released into the extracellular space in animal cells

A

Proteins

66
Q

Most abundant protein

A

Collagen

67
Q

Interwoven with collagen materials, which are carbohydrate-containing protein molecules

A

Proteglycans

68
Q

Materials that allow the cells within the tissue to communicate with each other

A

Extracellular matrix

69
Q

In which cells can communicate with each other via direct contact

A

Intercellular junctions

70
Q

Junctions between plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

71
Q

Animal cell contacts include:

A
  • Tight junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
72
Q

Structural modification in which numerous channels that pass betwee adjacent plant cells’ cell walls connect their cytoplasm

A

Plasmodesmata

73
Q

A watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells

A

Tight junction

74
Q

Predominant proteins that tightly hold cells against each other

A

Claudins, occludins

75
Q

Act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells

A

Desmosomes

76
Q

Short proteins in the plasma membrane that connect to intermediate filaments to create desmosomes; connect two adjacent cells and maintain the cells in a sheet-like formation

A

Cadherins

77
Q

Are like plasmodesmata in plant cells; channels between adjacent cells that allow for transporting ions, nutrients, and other substances

A

Gap junctions

78
Q

An elongated donut-like configuration when gap junctions develop a set of six proteins (connexins) in the plasma membrane and arrange themselves

A

Connexon

79
Q

In plant cells, polysaccharides include:

A

Hemicellulose, pectin

80
Q

Sticky layer that helps hold the cell walls of adjacent plant cells together

A

Middle lamella

81
Q

Two types of gap junctions:

A
  • Intracellular (within cells)
  • Intercellular (between cells)
82
Q

Four kinds of cell connections:

A
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Tight junctons
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
83
Q

Most plant cell walls are made up of:

A

Polysaccharides, protein

84
Q

Fluid in the cell wall

A

Extracellular, intracellular fluid

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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