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Biology 11 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A cell’s DNA, packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule

A

Genome

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2
Q

Number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the human body

A

46

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3
Q

Number of chromosomes that human gametes have

A

23

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4
Q

A configuration of two matched or homologous sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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5
Q

Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes

A

Gametes or sex cells (eggs and sperm)

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6
Q

Gametes are designated as _____.

A

1n or haploid

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7
Q

A diploid cell containing matched pairs of chromosomes created upon fertilization; carry the same genes; one set from each parent

A

Homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotides segments or _____ exactly the same location or _____.

A

genes; locus

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9
Q

Breadlike, histone DNA complex

A

Nucleosome

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10
Q

Compose the chromosomes

A

Two linked sister chromatids

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11
Q

An ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

A

Cell cycle

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12
Q

Period of growth; where 90% of the time is spent; the cell undergoes normal growth process while also preparing for cell division; metabolic phase of the cell; the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them

A

Interphase

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13
Q

The first stage of interphase; little change is visible; the cell is quite active at the biochemical level; the cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA

A

G1 phase (first gap)

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14
Q

DNA replication can proceed through the mechanisms that result in the formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules ; sister chromatids are firmly attached to the centromeric region.

A

S phase (synthesis of DNA)

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15
Q

The apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

Mitotic spindle

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16
Q

Rod-like objects where the centrosomes are associated with; positioned at right angles to each otherl help organize cell division

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

In this phase, the cell replenishes its energy, stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation and movement

A

G2 phase (second gap)

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18
Q

The first portion of the mitotic phase; nuclear division

A

Karyokinesis

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, followed by division of the present cell into two daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

The first phase of mitosis; the nuclear envelope starts to dissociate into small vesicles, and the membranous organelles fragment and disperse toward the periphery of the cell; chromosomes condense and become visible; spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes; nuclear envelope breaks down; nucleolus disappears

A

Prophase

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21
Q

The first change phase; chromosomes continue to condense; kinetochores appear at the centromeres; mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores; centrosomes move toward opposte poles

A

Prometaphase

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22
Q

A protein structure developed by each sister chromatid in its centromeric region

A

Kinetochore

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23
Q

Spindle fibers that do not engage the chromosomes

A

Polar microtubules

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24
Q

The change phase; mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate; each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

A

Metaphase

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25
Q

The equatorial plane, roughly midway between the two poles of the cell

A

Metaphase plate

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26
Q

Upward phase; cohesin proteins binding the sister chromatids break down; sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles; non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell

A

Anaphase

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27
Q

The distance phase; chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense; nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes; the mitotic spindle breaks down

A

Telophase

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28
Q

Sometimes viewed as the second main stage of the mitotic phase, during which cell division is completed via the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells; aka “cell motion”; splits the parent cell into daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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29
Q

A fissure formed when actin filaments pull the equator of the cell inward (in animal cells)

A

Cleavage furrow

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30
Q

A vesical structure formed when Golgi vesicles are transported on microtubules during telophase

A

Phragmoplast

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31
Q

Structure where the vesicle fuse and coalesce from the center toward the cell walls (in plant cells)

A

Cell plate

32
Q

The cells in this phase are not actively preparing to divide; the cell is in a ____ stage that occurs when cells exit the cycle.

A

G0 phase; quiescent (inactive)

33
Q

Type of cell division in prokaryotes

A

Binary (prokaryotic) fission

34
Q

Two specialized cells needed to union in sexual reproduction

A

Gametes

35
Q

A fertilized egg that contains two sets of chromosomes

A

Zygote

36
Q

The nuclear division that forms haploid cells from diploid cells, and employs many of the same cellular mechanisms as mitosis; production of gametes; segregates one copy of each homologous chromosomes into each new “gametes”; reducing sex cells by half

A

Meiosis

37
Q

A process that produces daughter cells whose nuclei are genetically identical to the original parent nucleus; maintains ploidy level

A

Mitosis

38
Q

The first round of meiotic division and consists of prophase I, prometaphase I, and so on; reduction takes place (2n to n)

A

Meiosis I

39
Q

The second round of meiotic division and inclues prophase II, prometaphase II, and so on; division takes place

A

Meiosis II

40
Q

Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes

A

Ploidy (level)

41
Q

More than two sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploid

42
Q

Precedes the process of meiosis

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)

43
Q

Proteins that hold sister chromatids together at the centromere until anaphase II

A

Cohesin proteins

44
Q

The homologous chromosomes are attached at their tips to the nuclear envelope by proteins; nuclear envelope begins to breakdown; chromosomes coil together; homologues become closely associated in synapsis; crossing pver occurs between nonsister chromatids

A

Prophase I

45
Q

A lattice of proteins between the homologous chromosomes, first forms at specific locations and then spreads outward to cover the entire lngth of the chromosomes

A

Synaptonemal compex

46
Q

The tight pairing of the homologous chromosomes where the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are aligned precisely with each other

A

Synapsis

47
Q

The exchange of chromosomal segments between homologous nonsister chromatids

A

Crossing over

48
Q

Crossing over can be observed visually after the exchange at _____; site where crossing over occurs

A

chiasmata

49
Q

Large protein assemblies located at intervals along the synaptonemal complex

A

Recombination nodules

50
Q

A term that also refers to the process of crossover

A

Genetic recombination

51
Q

Pairs that are held together only at the chiasmata; the four sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes are now visible

A

Tetrads

52
Q

The key event in this phase is the atachment of the spindle fiber microtubules to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres.

A

Prometaphase I

53
Q

The homologous chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate with the kinetochores facing opposite sides; terminal chiasmata hold homologues together following crossing over; microtubules from opposite poles attach to each homologue; homologues pair (not in mitosis)

A

Metaphase I

54
Q

The microtubules pull the inked chromosomes apart; the sister chromatids remain tightly bound together at the centromere.

A

Anaphase I

55
Q

The separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; microtubules of the spindle shorten; homologues are separated from each other; sister chromatids remain attached to each other at their centromeres; reduction in the ploidy level; centromeres remain intact

A

Telophase I

56
Q

Nuclear envelopes form; each nucleus is now a haploid; only one set of replicated chromosomes in each ‘cell”; sister chromatids are no longer identical homologue

A

Cytokinesis (Meiosis I)

57
Q

A brief interphase before entering meiosis II; lacks an S phase, so the chromosomes are not duplicated

A

Interkinesis

58
Q

A process where the separation of sister chromatids occur; essentially the same as mitosis; results in four haploid daughter cells

A

Meiosis II

59
Q

M2 phase where nuclear envelopes dissolve (fragment into vesicles) and spindle fibers reform

A

Prophase II

60
Q

M2 process where the nuclear envelopes are completely broken down; spindle is fully formed

A

Prometaphase II

61
Q

M2 phase were sister chromatids are maximally condensed and aligned at the equator of the cell; spindles mov; spindles moving chromosomes into equatorial area

A

Metaphase II

62
Q

M2 phase where ths sister chromatids are pulled apart by the kinetochore microtubules and move toward opposite poles; nonkinetochore micrtotubules elongate the cell; centromeres split and the former chromatids (chromosomes) are separated

A

Anaphase II

63
Q

M2 phase where the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense; nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes

A

Telophase II and cytokinesis

64
Q

Process in M2 that separates the two cels into four haploid cells

A

Cytokinesis

65
Q

Because the ploidy level has been reduced, meiosis I is referred to as a ________.

A

Reductional division

66
Q

The production of sperms and eggs that takes place through the process of meiosis

A

Gametogenesis

67
Q

The production of sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

68
Q

The production of eggs

A

Oogenesis

69
Q

The stem cells that go through mitosis during spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia

70
Q

The cell produced at the end of meiosis during spermatogenesis

A

Spermatid

71
Q

A haploid cell produced at the end of the first meiotic division in spermatogenesis

A

Secondary spermatocyte

72
Q

A germ ell that undergoes mitosis in which oogenesis starts with

A

Oognium

73
Q

The cell starting meiosis in oogenesis

A

Primary oocyte

74
Q

A cell where the most of the cellular materials and organelles go to in oogenesis

A

Secondary oocyte

75
Q

The second cell where only one set of chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm go to; usually dies

A

Polar body

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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