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Biology 11 > Scientific Method to Cell Basics > Flashcards

Scientific Method to Cell Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

A logical problem-solving approach; supported by evidence

A

Scientific Method

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2
Q

Steps in the scientific method:

A
  1. Make an observation;
  2. ask a question;
  3. form a hypothesis or testable explanation;
  4. make a prediction based on the hypothesis;
  5. test the hypothesis (experimentation);
  6. make a new hypothesis
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3
Q

A kind of hypothesis that starts with an “educated guess”; proposed explanation or phenomenon

A

Working hypothesis

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4
Q

A type of hypothesis that can be tested

A

Scientific hypothesis

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5
Q

An explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested

A

Theory

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6
Q

Importance of the scientific protocol to achieve:

A
  1. A representative description,
  2. a repeatable measure,
  3. an unbiased comparison between populations
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7
Q

Study of life

A

Biology

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8
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cells

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9
Q

Basic unit of heredity

A

Genes

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10
Q

Manifestations of life:

A
  1. Order
  2. Stensitivity/response to stimuli: react to their environment and heal themselves;
  3. Growth and development: grow by taking nourishments (process into energy);
  4. Reproduction: reproduce;
  5. Adaptation: have the capacity for genetic change (evolve)
  6. Regulation/homeostasis
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11
Q

Characteristics of life:

A

MGIRFC: metabolism, growth, irritability, reproduction, forms and sizes, chemical composition

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12
Q

Sum of all chemical and energy transformations; digestion, respiration, excretion

A

Metabolism

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13
Q

Addition from within

A

Growth

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14
Q

Growth in non-living things; gradual external addition

A

Accretion

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15
Q

Organization of life

A

Atom-molecules-cell- tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem-ecosphere

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16
Q

Made of two or more atoms; one or more types of atoms

A

Molecule

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17
Q

Made of two or more elements

A

Compound

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18
Q

Most basic form of matter; one type of atom; ionic or covalent bond; chemical structure; fixed ratio of atoms

A

Element

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19
Q

Four organic compounds (containing carbon):

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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20
Q

An important component of the cell; approx. 70% of the weight of the cell

A

Water; H2O

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21
Q

Most abundant organic compound; used as energy sources, storage, structural components of the cell

A

Carbohydrates

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22
Q

Four classifications of carbs:

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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23
Q

Thousands of monomers of glucose

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

Examples of polysaccharides:

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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25
Q

Fatty acids, insoluble in water; in forms of fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids; component of membrane; insulation barriers

A

Lipids

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26
Q

Examples are glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate; and are found in cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

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27
Q

Type of lipids that repel water

A

Waxes

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28
Q

Type of lipids that is one molecule of glycerol to three fatty acids

A

Fats

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29
Q

Type of fat that is solid at room temperature

A

Saturated fats

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30
Q

Type of fat that is liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fats

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31
Q

A cardiovascular disease resulting from an over consumption of saturated fats

A

Atherosclerosis

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32
Q

A type of lipid that is composed of complex molecules; found in cellular structure; examples are cholesterol, androgen, and estrogen; aids in membrane fluidity

A

Sterols

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33
Q

An organic molecule that is most abundant in animal protoplasm

A

Protein

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34
Q

How many percent of protein are there in the human body?

A

30%

35
Q

A protein-deficiency syndrome

A

Kwashiorkor

36
Q

Atoms of the hydroxyl groups

A

Hydrocarbons

37
Q

Known as simple sugars; C6H12O6

A

Monosaccharides

38
Q

Two groups of amino acids:

A

Amino group (-NH2), Carboxyl group (-COOH)

39
Q

How many amino acids are in the body?

A

20

40
Q

Long chain of polypeptides

A

Protein molecules

41
Q

Types of proteins:

A
  • Structural (support; collagen, silk, fibers, keratin),
  • Storage (ovalbumin, casein),
  • Transport (hemoglobin),
  • Hormonal (coordination; insulin),
  • Receptor (stimulus-response),
  • Contractile (movement; actin, myosin),
  • Defensive (protection; antibodies),
  • Enzymatic (hydrolyzation)
42
Q

Primary structure/building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

43
Q

Organic molecules involved with genes

A

Nucleic acids

44
Q

Double helix for genetic info

A

DNA

45
Q

Single helix for genetic info

A

RNA

46
Q

Made up of nucleotides; building blocks; functions as coenzymes (combine with enzymes for metabolic reactions)

A

Polynucleotides

47
Q

Polymers of monomers

A

Nucleotides

48
Q

Functions as messenger in redox reactions

A

NAD (Nicotine adenine dinucleotide)

49
Q

Functions in the biosynthesis of glycogen and sucrose

A

UTP (Uridine triphosphate)

50
Q

Plays a central role in energy cycle

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

51
Q

T or F: Nucleotides contain phosphate.

A

True

52
Q

T or F: Nucleosides contain phosphate.

A

False

53
Q

Two Purines:

A

Adenine, guanine

54
Q

Three pyrimidines:

A

Uracil, cytosine, thymine

55
Q

Purines and pyrimidines pairings in DNA

A

A=T, G=C

56
Q

Purines and pyrimidines pairings in RNA

A

A=U, G=C

57
Q

Purines and pyrimidines in DNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (no Uracil)

58
Q

Purines and pyrimidines in RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine (no Thymine)

59
Q

An instrument that magnifies an object

A

Microscope

60
Q

Images that are photographed by the microscope

A

Micrographs

61
Q

A microscope where visible light passes and bends through the lens system

A

Light microscope

62
Q

The process of enlarging an object in appearance

A

Magnification

63
Q

The microscope’s ability to distinguish two adjacent structures as separate

A

Resolving power

64
Q

Lens used to stud smally objects

A

Oil immersion lenses

65
Q

A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light

A

Electron microscope

66
Q

A type of electron microscope where a beam of electrons moves back and forth across a cell’s surface, creating details of cell surface characteristics

A

Scanning electron microscope

67
Q

A type of electron microscope where the electron beam penetrates the cell and provides details of a cell’s internal structures

A

Transmission electron microscope

68
Q

He observed the movements of single-celled organisms.

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

69
Q

The single-celled organisms referred to by Leeuwenhoek

A

animalcules

70
Q

He published “Micrographia” in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

71
Q

The term Hooke coined for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissues through a lens

A

cell

72
Q

When was bacteria, protozoa, and the simple microscope discovered by van Leeuwenhoek

A

1670s (1674)

73
Q

Proposed the unified cell theory in 1830s (1839)

A

Matthias Jacob Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist)

74
Q

States that one or more cell comprise all living things, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells

A

Unified cell theory

75
Q

Made important contributions to the unified cell theory; cells arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis); introduced cell division

A

Rudolf Virchow

76
Q

Four components in all cells:

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

77
Q

A simple, mostly single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle

A

Prokaryote

78
Q

The cell’s central part where prokaryotic DNA is found

A

Nucleoid

79
Q

T or F: Prokaryotes are significantly smaller than eukaryotes.

A

True

80
Q

Year when the electron microscope discovered

A

1950s

81
Q

Stains were discovered.

A

End of the 19th century

82
Q

Length of cells under a light microscope

A

1 to 100 micrometer

83
Q

Length of cells under an electron microscope

A

0.1 to 1.00 micrometer

84
Q

Showed proof of Virchow’s concept in 1859-1861

A

Louis Pasteur

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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