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Biology 11 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

He coined the central dogma of molecular biology.

A

Francis Crick

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2
Q

Molecular basis of heredity; the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms; seeks to account for the resemblances and differences due to heredity and their development

A

Genetics

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3
Q

An Australian monk whose experiments on garden peas (1866) lead to laying down of basic genetic principles

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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4
Q

Basic unit of heredity; found in chromosomes; the factors for the character; the unit of inheritance that is transmitted in a gamete and controls the development of a character; highly coiled DNA

A

Gene

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5
Q

Pair of genes that controls an observable trait; factors responsible for a pair of alternative or contrasted character; one member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome; variant form of a gene

A

Allele(s)

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6
Q

Number of alleles humans have at a genetic locus

A

Two

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7
Q

Inheriting from parents; passing on; deals with characteristics

A

Heredity

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8
Q

Two types of variations:

A
  • Environmental
  • Hereditary
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9
Q

Two types of alleles:

A
  • Heterozygous
  • Homozygous
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10
Q

Hybrid; having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes

A

Heterozygous

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11
Q

Pure breed; having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes

A

Homozygous

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12
Q

Involved with appearance; observable or external trait of an organism

A

Phenotype

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13
Q

Genetic composition; entire genetic constituent of an individual; kinds of genes an organism possesses

A

Genotype

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14
Q

Asserted that the original parental traits were lost or absorbed by the blending in the offspring

A

Blending theory of inheritance

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15
Q

Results from the action of many genes to determine a characteristic like human height; offspring appear to be a “blend” of their parents’ traits

A

Continuous variation

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16
Q

Mendel worked with traits that were inherited in distinct classes referred to as ___

A

Discontinuous variation

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17
Q

Involve mating two true-breeding individuals that have different traits

A

Hybridization

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18
Q

The parental generation

A

P0

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19
Q

The first filial (offspring) generation

A

F1

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20
Q

The second filial generation

A

F2

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21
Q

Defined as a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic

A

Trait

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22
Q

A paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other cross

A

Reciprocal cross

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23
Q

Traits that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization; expressed or evident

A

Dominant traits

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24
Q

Traits that become latent, or disappear, in the offspring of a hybridization; may reappear in the progeny of the hybrid offspring

A

Recessive traits

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25
Q

A rule that states that the probability of two independent events occuring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone

A

Product rule of probability

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26
Q

A rule that states that the probability of the occurrence of one event or the other event, of two mutually exclusive events, is the sum of their individual probabilities.

A

Sum rule of probability

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27
Q

The process when fertilization occurs between two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic; the resulting offspring are monohybrids; parents differ only with one pair of alternative trait/characteristic

A

Monohybrid cross

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28
Q

Devised by Reginald Punnett; can be drawn that applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross or mating and their expected frequencies

A

Punnett square

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29
Q

States that when 2 contrasting characters are brought together in a cross, one is dominant in the next generation (F1) and the other is recessive

A

Principle of dominance

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30
Q

Two laws according to Mendel:

A
  • Law of segregation: First Law
  • Law of independent assortment: Second Law
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31
Q

A pattern of inheritance, denoting the expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype; genes not always dominant or recessive

A

Incomplete dominance

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32
Q

A variation on incomplete dominance, in which both alleles for the same characteristic are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote

A

Codominance

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33
Q

Non-sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes

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34
Q

Characteristic of male because they have only one allele for any X-linked characteristic

A

Hemizygous

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35
Q

A law stating that paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor”the factors for a pair of characters are segregated”; takes place during meiosis

A

Law of segregation

36
Q

A law stating that genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every single gene is equally likely to occur; when races differ from e ach other in two or more pairs of factors, the inheritance of one pair is independent of that of the other

A

Law of independent assortment

37
Q

A cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics; when parents differ in two pairsof characters, F1 offspring are termed dihybrids

A

Dihybrid cross

38
Q

Number of autosomes in the ovum and sperm during maturation in which the sex chromosomes segregate freely

A
  • Ovum - 22 autosomes (X chromosomes)
  • Sperm - 22 autosomes (X and Y chromosomes)
39
Q

The coherent understanding of the relationsip between natural selection and genetics that took shape by the 1940s

A

Modern synthesis

40
Q

Began to study how selective forces change a population through changes in allele and genotypic frequencies

A

Population genetics

41
Q

The rate at which a specific allele appears within a population

A

Allele frequency or gene frequency

42
Q

The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a popultion

A

Genetic variance

43
Q

The mating of closely related individuals, which can have the undesirable effect of bringing together deleterious recessive mutations that can cause abnormalities

A

Inbreeding

44
Q

Observed variation; recognized its importance with respect to changes that take place in populations over time

A

Charles Darwin

45
Q

Variation allows these to occur:

A
  • Adaptation
  • Evolution
46
Q

A group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature

A

Species

47
Q

Condition of having extra digits on the hands or toes; due to the presence of the dominant allele P

A

Polydactyly

48
Q

Occurs at a higher frequency in males than in females; where one dominant allele B results in this occurrence

A

Baldness

49
Q

Lack of skin pigment; expressed phenotypically when the recessive gene (a) is homozygous (aa)

A

Albinism

50
Q

All the genes in every individual in a population at any given time; available alleles present in a population; frequency of genotypes and phenotypes in that population

A

Gene pool

51
Q

A theory stating that genetic flows into in one direction; the sequence of events

A

Central dogma of biology

52
Q

Contains the genes that determine who you are

A

DNA

53
Q

Determine the structure and function of all your cells

A

Proteins

54
Q

Make up the protein

A

Amino acids

55
Q

Processes involved in the central dogma

A

Transcription, translation

56
Q

Sequence of the central dogma

A

DNA - RNA (mRNA) - proteins/RNA - proteins

57
Q

The copying of info from one kind of nucleic acid to another nucleic acid; DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

58
Q

From nucleic acid language to amino acid language; RNA to proteins

A

Translation

59
Q

Formation of the exact copy of DNA

A

Replication

60
Q

RNA to DNA; occurs in viruses

A

Reverse transcription

61
Q

Bases are A, T, C, G; double-helix; functions as information storage; contains instructions for building RNA molecules; built in the nucleus; transported to the cytoplasml complementary base pairing between DNA and RNA; directs the assembly of RNA molecules

A

DNA

62
Q

Bases are A, U, C, G; varying in shapes; transfers information into DNA; manufacture of proteins by translation; directed by the DNA; DNA’s genetic info is transcribed to mRNA

A

RNA

63
Q

20 diff. amino acids; carries most functions of cells (transcription and translation)

A

Proteins

64
Q

Characteristics of the assembly of protein:

A
  • Single-stranded
  • Backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and sugar ribose
65
Q

Different kinds of RNA in protein synthesis:

A
  • mRNA (messenger)
  • tRNA (transfer)
  • rRNA (ribosomal)
66
Q

Contains the instructions for building protein groups of 3 nucleotides (“codons”)

A

mRNA

67
Q

Referred to as nucleotide triplets

A

Codons

68
Q

Shorter, circular DNA molecules that may only contain one or few genes

A

Plasmids

69
Q

RNA that carries amino acids into the ribosomes

A

tRNA (transfer)

70
Q

Recognizes a codon on the mRNA molecule

A

Anti-codon

71
Q

Replicating enzyme separating 2 strands of DNA

A

DNA Helicase

72
Q

Replicating enzyme needed to attach new RNA strands to DNA strands

A

DNA Polymerase

73
Q

Replicating enzyme connecting Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

74
Q

Short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication

A

Okazaki fragments

75
Q

First step of gene expression

A

Transcription

76
Q

Stages of transcription:

A
  • Initiation (RNA polymerase; start codon - AUG)
  • Elongation (RNA moving; changing ribosomes)
  • Termination (stop codon - UAA, UAG, UGA; stops protein synthesis; releases mRNA, tRNA, & polypeptide chain)
77
Q

Second step in getting from a gene to protein; to proteins

A

Translation

78
Q

Protein types in translation:

A
  • Structural (plasma membrane)
  • Enzymes (control of metabollic function)
  • Special function (insulin)
79
Q

Pairings in transcription (DNA - RNA)

A
  • A-T
  • G-C
80
Q

Pairings in translation (RNA - proteins)

A
  • A-U
  • G-C
  • C-G
  • T-A
81
Q

Part of the cell where transcription occurs

A

Nucleus

82
Q

Star codon; first amino acid in proteins

A

Methionine

83
Q

Hold amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

84
Q

Possible number of codons

A

64

85
Q

They stated the principle of equilibrium to describe the population’s genetic makeup.

A

Godfrey Hardy, Wilhelm Weinberg

86
Q

States that a population’s allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable - unless some kind of evolutionary force is acting on the population, neither the allele nor the genotypic frequencies would change; p+q=1; p alleles and q alleles comprise of the alleles for that locus in the population

A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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