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PMP 101 - Health, Disease And The Patient > The Cardiovcascular Systmem - The Blood (w7) > Flashcards

The Cardiovcascular Systmem - The Blood (w7) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main functions of blood ?

A
  • transportation
  • protection
  • regulation
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2
Q

What are some examples of substances transported in the blood ?

A
  • O2, CO2 and other gases movement
  • Nutrients
  • Electrolytes
  • Metabolic waste
  • Hormones, Cytokines
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3
Q

What are some examples of the way the blood provides protection in the body ?

A
  • Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
  • Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)
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4
Q

How does the blood play a part in regulation of the body ?

A
  • Body temp
  • pH
  • Circulatory body fluid volume/concentration (osmosis)
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5
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up from ?

A

-blood
-vessels
-heart

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6
Q

What 3 components makes up the blood ?

A
  • plasma (liquid matrix) = 55%
  • Buffy coat (leukocyte, platelets) = 1%
  • solids (RBC - erythrocytes) = 44%
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7
Q

What 5 main components is blood plasma made up of ?

A
  • plasma proteins
  • nutrients
  • gases
  • electrolytes
  • metabolic waste
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8
Q

Is the blood classes as a tissue ?

A

Yes, the blood is the only fluid tissue in the human body. It is classed as a liquid connective tissue that circulates the body.

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9
Q

What does it mean when the blood is a either a Scarlett red colour or a dark red colour ?

A

Scarlett red = high oxygen concentrations
Dark red = low oxygen concentrations

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10
Q

What is haematopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells

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11
Q

What is erythropoiesis ?

A

The production of red blood cells/erythrocytes.

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12
Q

What is thrombopoiesis ?

A

Production of platelets

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13
Q

What is leucopoiesis ?

A

The production of white blood cells/ leucocytes.

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14
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cell ?

A
  • granulocytes (obvious granules)
  • agranulocytoses ( no obvious granules)
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15
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes ?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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16
Q

What do neutrophils respond to ?

A

Bacterial infection - contains HCl in granules which is released onto bacteria killing/dissolving the bacteria.

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17
Q

What do eosinophils cells respond to ?

A

Parasitic infection

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18
Q

What do basophils respond to ?

A

Histamine - proinflammatory
They release this histamine molecule when there is a reaction e.g. allergic reaction.

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19
Q

What are the three examples of agranulocytes ?

A
  • monocytes
  • thrombocytes
  • lymphocytes
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20
Q

What do monocytes respond to ?

A

Involved in phagocytosis - respond to bacteria dendritic cells (form antigen presenting cells)
(Become macrophages when they migrate)

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21
Q

What are polymorphonuclear cells ?

A

Cells with more than one shape or type of nucleus

22
Q

What do thrombocytes respond to ?

A

Blood clotting - they contain platelets.

23
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes and what do they respond to ?

A

BIG lymphocytes : big lymphocyte with small nucleus
- recognises virus infected cells and kills them.

SMALL lymphocyte : small lymphocyte with big nucleus.
- plasma cells ( B cells )= produce antibodies to fight viral infection. (Wider infections), need stimulus form T cells.
- T helper/ suppressor cells = give signals to B cells. Also give signal to stop attack (negative feedback mechanism)

24
Q

What are T-cytotoxic cells used to remove ?

A

They remove cancer cells as part of the cytotoxic response.

25
Q

What happens when there is a high WBC count ?

A

Either;
-Philia = surplus/ excess
-Cytosis = increase

26
Q

What happens if the WBC count is too low ?

A

Penia = deficiency/ not enough

27
Q

What are three examples of low WBC count (end in penia) ?

A
  • Leucopenia (low wbc count) - risk of infection, sepsis which could be lethal. For example immunocompromised patients or transplant patients
  • Neutopenia (low neutrophils) - risk of bacterial infection
  • Thrombocytopenia (low platelets) - risk of blood loss, is an autoimmune condition in children.
28
Q

What is haemoglobin ?

A

Haem is a red pigment containing iron bound a globular protein. Each central Fe2+ ion binds to one O2 molecule.

29
Q

What compound is formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin ?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

30
Q

What cells don’t have a nucleus ?

A

Erythrocytes and thrombocytes

31
Q

What percentage of saturation should oxygenated blood be ?

A

98 - 100%

32
Q

What percentage is unsaturated blood during oxygen unloading ?

A

75 - 80%

33
Q

What is hypoxia ?

A

When oxygen levels drop in the blood.

34
Q

What can cause hypoxia ?

A
  • Haemorrhage or injury
  • iron deficiency
  • high altitude or lung disease (pneumonia)
35
Q

What does the erythropoietin (EPO) stimulate in the blood ?

A

Stimulates the release and production of more red blood cells (erythrocytes) from the bone marrow when hypoxia occurs. These erythrocytes then increase the transport of O2 to the kidney, blocking the release of EPO.

36
Q

What happens during the negative feedback mechanism relating to hypoxia ?

A
  • Hormonal (Negative Feedback Axis)
    Kidney becomes hypoxic (renal arterial oxygen drops) triggering EPO release
  • Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulate the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
  • Erythrocytes increases O2 transport to the kidney and block EPO release
37
Q

What can enhance EPO production ?

A

Testosterone
- result in higher RBC count in males

38
Q

What can iron be stored as in blood ?

A

Binds with protein and is stored as ferritin and haemosiderin, is transported by binding with transferrin.

39
Q

How many days is the red blood cell life cycle and why is it this long ?

A

100-120 days
-Cannot grow, divide and replicate (no nucleus)
-Get older and fragile and degenerate
-trapped/macrophage in spleen- RBC breakdown
Iron- recycled & stored
Heme- Degraded to bilirubin, yellow pigment-Liver secretes bilirubin in bile (in intestine)-urobilinogen-stercoblin, brown pigment excreted in faeces
Globin- metabolised into aminoacids & recycled

40
Q

What is anaemia ?

A
  • it is a condition developed when there is low amounts of iron or no iron in the blood , this then causes low oxygen supply due to lack of bonding in RBC leading to hypoxia.
  • symptoms; fatigues, pallor, dyspnoea and chills.
41
Q

How can you treat or manage an iron deficiency in relation to iron deficiency anaemia ?

A

Iron deficiency: RBC turning microcytes lacking Iron-Hb production.
Treat or manage with Iron supplements

42
Q

How can you treat or manage renal anaemia ?

A

Renal anaemia is when there is a lack of EPO.
Can be treated by supplementing with synthetic EPO.

43
Q

How is pernicious anaemia caused and how can it be treated or managed ?

A

Pernicious: Autoimmune condition-destroy B12 absorption; without B12 RBC cannot divide (or) and they become macrocytes.
Treat or manage with either dietary or supplement B12.

44
Q

How is aplastic anaemia caused and how can it be treated ?

A

Caused by injury to red bone marrow, this can be due to drugs, chemotherapy, radiation.
This can be treated or managed by blood transfusion or stem cell transplantations.

45
Q

What can be caused if there are too many red blood cells in the blood ?

A

Polycythaemia
-causes viscosity of blood to increase;
This increases risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, renal disease.

46
Q

What is another word for blood coagulation ?

A

Haemostasis

47
Q

What are the three steps to blood coagulation (haemostasis) ?

A

1) VASCULAR SPASM; a pain reflex which causes constriction of vascular smooth muscle triggering clotting chemicals/ factors needed to go to site of injury.

2) PLATELET ACTIVATION -PLUG; the platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres stimulating ADP, thromboxane A2 and serotonin to increase. Von willebrand factor stabilises the collagen-platelet adhesion (positive feedback mechanism).

3) COAGULATION -PATCH; clotting factors for coagulation are produced in liver. Vitamin k is needed to activate these clotting factors.

48
Q

What happens when fibrinolysis occurs ?

A

Plasminogen - the plasma proteins become trapped in the clot, is converted to plasmin-digest fibrin.

49
Q

What is thrombosis ?

A

Stationary blood clotting (thrombus) in the arteries, veins or capillaries.

50
Q

What is embolism ?

A

Blood clot/endogenous materials (embolus) moving in the blood vessel and obstructing the blood flow.

PMP 101 - Health, Disease And The Patient (35 decks)

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