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Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 > the cardiovascular system part one > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system part one Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

why is the blood know as and why?

A

a closed system because it stays in the blood vessels and doesn’t come in contact with any tissues

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3
Q

why is the blood maintained in a closed system?

A

creates a higher blood pressure and faster delivery oxygenated blood
can direct blood to where ever its needed by constriction and dilation of blood vessels
can respond to change

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4
Q

what is double circulation of the blood?

A

the blood is passed through the heart twice

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5
Q

what are the two kinds of circulation?

A

pulmonary and systemic

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6
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

for removal of co2 and delivery of oxygen

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7
Q

what is systemic circulation?

A

for gas exchange and removal of waste

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8
Q

difference between arteriole circulation and venous?

A

arteriole carries blood at a higher pressure

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9
Q

what path does blood take from the heart before returning back to it?

A

heart
artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein
heart

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10
Q

what happens to blood further away from the heaert?

A

decreases in pressure because of the friction caused by the walls (peripheral resistance)

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11
Q

why does blood in the capillaries decrease in pressure?

A

peripheral resistance
loss of tissue fluid

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12
Q

what is the difference between systemic and pulmonary ciruclation?

A

pulmonary carries blood at a lower pressure

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13
Q

outline diagam of the circulatory system?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 4

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14
Q

outline diagram of the heart?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 5

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15
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

fibrous and serous layers

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16
Q

what is myocardium?

A

made of multiple myocytes

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17
Q

what is endocardium?

A

like endothelium lining the blood vessels

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18
Q

what is the heart muscle made of?

A

cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibres

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19
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

each cell joined by specialized junctions to form fibres

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20
Q

function of intercalated discs?

A

form tight connections
allow electrical coupling
branched fibres increase interconnections

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21
Q

how are contractions in the heart muscle synchronized?

A

intercalated discs and their junctions allow cardiomyocytes to work together so the muscle acts as a syncytium

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22
Q

what are thin filaments called?

A

actin

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23
Q

what are thick filaments called?

A

myosin

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24
Q

strucuture of a sarcomere?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 7

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25
how does the heart contract?
wave of excitation travels form the SA node to the AV node and then to the myocytes via bundle of His and Purkinje fibres
26
what nodes are connected to SA node?
autonomic nerves
27
difference between diagrams of skeletal and contractile myocardium action potentials?
Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024 slide 10
28
what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of?
somatic and autonomic nervous system
29
what does the somatic nervous system do?
controls conscious/subconscious behaviours over skeletal muscles
30
what does the autonomic nervous system do?
controls involuntary or subconscious control ie heart
31
what is the autonomic system divided into?
sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
32
what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
increases heart rate
33
what is the parasympathetic NS responsible for?
decreases heart rate
34
what does the sympathetic NS do?
release norepinephrine in times of stress, exercising or being excited
35
what does the parasympathetic NS do?
releases acetylcholine
36
what does systole mean?
contraction of the muscle of the heart
37
how are action potentials generated by myocytes detected?
ECG (electrocardiogram)
38
what does diastole mean?
relaxation of the muscle of the heart
39
how does an excitation-contraction coupling occur?
when an electrical action potential causes contraction of muscle cells to occur by the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical energy using contractile proteins
40
what does the P wave represent?
depolarization of SAN (atrial systole)
41
what does QRS represent?
ventricular depolarization (ventricular systole)
42
what does T wave represent?
ventricular repolarization (ventricular diastole)
43
what do arteries, veins and capillaries have in common?
have an inner lumen line with a layer endothelial cells
43
outline diagram of the cardiac conduction system
Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024 slide 15
44
what do large arteries contain?
thick tunica media with layers of elastin with smooth muscle cell
44
what do capillaries have that arteries and veins don't?
no smooth muscle layer pericytes lining the outer circumference
44
what is the purpose of the inner lumen?
controls blood interactions and controls movement of molecules through
45
what do muscular arteries contain?
layers of smooth muscle cells arranged in a spiral format and some elastin
46
what do arterioles contain?
one/two layers of smooth muscles
47
what is elastin for?
helps with recoil and highblood pressure in the vessels
48
what are resistance vessels?
small muscular arteries and arterioles with the highest lumen ratio
49
properties of small medium sized veins?
well developed adventitia thin media some muscle valves
49
what do small muscular arteries and arterioles do?
effect vascular resistance
49
properties of venules
thin walls pericytes smooth muscle cells (large venules)
49
properties of large veins?
thick intima relatively thin media thick adventitia elastic fibres some smooth muscle
50
what allows blood to flow unidirectional in veins?
valves compression by neighbouring tissues
51
pros of veins
flexible vascular tone
52
what does vascular tone mean
can constricte
53
example of a vessel with vascular tone?
capacitance vessels
54
where are capillaries found?
terminal end of arterioles
55
what are capillaries?
endothelium tube with pericytes
56
name the three interactions between endothelial cells and tissues?
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
57
what is continuous interaction?
cells joined tightly by junctions
58
what is fenestrated interaction?
small pores between cells
59
what is sinusoidal interaction?
large pores between cells or discontinuation of a vessel
60
why is it important for capillaries to be specialized?
to reduce blood flow and increase surface area to allow the exchange and diffusion of substances between the blood and tissues
61
outline a labelled diagram of capillary bed perfusion?
Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024 slide 23
62
what causes movement of substances in the capillary bed?
differences in hydrostatic pressure differences in colloidal osmotic pressures
63
where does the net movement occur from blood to tissue?
arteriole end
64
where does the net movement occur from tissue to blood?
venule end
65
what molecules can't readily be transported across the membrane?
large molecules and water soluble substances
66
how are large molecules and water soluble substances transported?
via junctions and fenestrations
67
what condition affect the cardiovascular system?
myocardial infarction Arrhythmias hypertension heart failure
68
what is arrhythmias?
irregularities in the heart rate
69
what is hypertension?
when your blood pressure is often too high
70
what is myocardial infarction?
reduces the blood supply to the heart via coronary arteries
71
what is heart failure?
the heart can't pump enough blood to the organs
72
what are the treatments for hypertension?
change of lifestyle, Diuretics – thiazides, Sympathetic nervous regulators, Calcium channel blockers, Vasoactive factors
73
what do diuretics do?
reduce blood volume by increasing sodium but reducing potassium levels
74
what do sympathetic nervous regulators do?
reduce heart rate and vasoconstriction
75
what do vasoactive factors do?
block vasoconstricted activities
76
what are the treatments for angina and IHD?
lifestyle changes, Beta blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Statins

Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 (14 decks)

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