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Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 > the cardiovascular system part one > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system part one Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

why is the blood know as and why?

A

a closed system because it stays in the blood vessels and doesn’t come in contact with any tissues

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3
Q

why is the blood maintained in a closed system?

A

creates a higher blood pressure and faster delivery oxygenated blood
can direct blood to where ever its needed by constriction and dilation of blood vessels
can respond to change

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4
Q

what is double circulation of the blood?

A

the blood is passed through the heart twice

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5
Q

what are the two kinds of circulation?

A

pulmonary and systemic

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6
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

for removal of co2 and delivery of oxygen

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7
Q

what is systemic circulation?

A

for gas exchange and removal of waste

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8
Q

difference between arteriole circulation and venous?

A

arteriole carries blood at a higher pressure

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9
Q

what path does blood take from the heart before returning back to it?

A

heart
artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein
heart

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10
Q

what happens to blood further away from the heaert?

A

decreases in pressure because of the friction caused by the walls (peripheral resistance)

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11
Q

why does blood in the capillaries decrease in pressure?

A

peripheral resistance
loss of tissue fluid

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12
Q

what is the difference between systemic and pulmonary ciruclation?

A

pulmonary carries blood at a lower pressure

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13
Q

outline diagam of the circulatory system?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 4

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14
Q

outline diagram of the heart?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 5

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15
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

fibrous and serous layers

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16
Q

what is myocardium?

A

made of multiple myocytes

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17
Q

what is endocardium?

A

like endothelium lining the blood vessels

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18
Q

what is the heart muscle made of?

A

cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibres

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19
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

each cell joined by specialized junctions to form fibres

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20
Q

function of intercalated discs?

A

form tight connections
allow electrical coupling
branched fibres increase interconnections

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21
Q

how are contractions in the heart muscle synchronized?

A

intercalated discs and their junctions allow cardiomyocytes to work together so the muscle acts as a syncytium

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22
Q

what are thin filaments called?

A

actin

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23
Q

what are thick filaments called?

A

myosin

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24
Q

strucuture of a sarcomere?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 7

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25
Q

how does the heart contract?

A

wave of excitation travels form the SA node to the AV node and then to the myocytes via bundle of His and Purkinje fibres

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26
Q

what nodes are connected to SA node?

A

autonomic nerves

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27
Q

difference between diagrams of skeletal and contractile myocardium action potentials?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 10

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28
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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29
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do?

A

controls conscious/subconscious behaviours over skeletal muscles

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30
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

controls involuntary or subconscious control ie heart

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31
Q

what is the autonomic system divided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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32
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

increases heart rate

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33
Q

what is the parasympathetic NS responsible for?

A

decreases heart rate

34
Q

what does the sympathetic NS do?

A

release norepinephrine in times of stress, exercising or being excited

35
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

releases acetylcholine

36
Q

what does systole mean?

A

contraction of the muscle of the heart

37
Q

how are action potentials generated by myocytes detected?

A

ECG (electrocardiogram)

38
Q

what does diastole mean?

A

relaxation of the muscle of the heart

39
Q

how does an excitation-contraction coupling occur?

A

when an electrical action potential causes contraction of muscle cells to occur by the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical energy using contractile proteins

40
Q

what does the P wave represent?

A

depolarization of SAN (atrial systole)

41
Q

what does QRS represent?

A

ventricular depolarization (ventricular systole)

42
Q

what does T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization (ventricular diastole)

43
Q

what do arteries, veins and capillaries have in common?

A

have an inner lumen line with a layer endothelial cells

43
Q

outline diagram of the cardiac conduction system

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 15

44
Q

what do large arteries contain?

A

thick tunica media with layers of elastin with smooth muscle cell

44
Q

what do capillaries have that arteries and veins don’t?

A

no smooth muscle layer
pericytes lining the outer circumference

44
Q

what is the purpose of the inner lumen?

A

controls blood interactions and controls movement of molecules through

45
Q

what do muscular arteries contain?

A

layers of smooth muscle cells arranged in a spiral format and some elastin

46
Q

what do arterioles contain?

A

one/two layers of smooth muscles

47
Q

what is elastin for?

A

helps with recoil and highblood pressure in the vessels

48
Q

what are resistance vessels?

A

small muscular arteries and arterioles with the highest lumen ratio

49
Q

properties of small medium sized veins?

A

well developed adventitia
thin media
some muscle
valves

49
Q

what do small muscular arteries and arterioles do?

A

effect vascular resistance

49
Q

properties of venules

A

thin walls
pericytes
smooth muscle cells (large venules)

49
Q

properties of large veins?

A

thick intima
relatively thin media
thick adventitia
elastic fibres
some smooth muscle

50
Q

what allows blood to flow unidirectional in veins?

A

valves
compression by neighbouring tissues

51
Q

pros of veins

A

flexible
vascular tone

52
Q

what does vascular tone mean

A

can constricte

53
Q

example of a vessel with vascular tone?

A

capacitance vessels

54
Q

where are capillaries found?

A

terminal end of arterioles

55
Q

what are capillaries?

A

endothelium tube with pericytes

56
Q

name the three interactions between endothelial cells and tissues?

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

57
Q

what is continuous interaction?

A

cells joined tightly by junctions

58
Q

what is fenestrated interaction?

A

small pores between cells

59
Q

what is sinusoidal interaction?

A

large pores between cells or discontinuation of a vessel

60
Q

why is it important for capillaries to be specialized?

A

to reduce blood flow and increase surface area to allow the exchange and diffusion of substances between the blood and tissues

61
Q

outline a labelled diagram of capillary bed perfusion?

A

Microsoft PowerPoint - The Cardiovascular System - a brief overview_LDKB_2024
slide 23

62
Q

what causes movement of substances in the capillary bed?

A

differences in hydrostatic pressure
differences in colloidal osmotic pressures

63
Q

where does the net movement occur from blood to tissue?

A

arteriole end

64
Q

where does the net movement occur from tissue to blood?

A

venule end

65
Q

what molecules can’t readily be transported across the membrane?

A

large molecules and water soluble substances

66
Q

how are large molecules and water soluble substances transported?

A

via junctions and fenestrations

67
Q

what condition affect the cardiovascular system?

A

myocardial infarction
Arrhythmias
hypertension
heart failure

68
Q

what is arrhythmias?

A

irregularities in the heart rate

69
Q

what is hypertension?

A

when your blood pressure is often too high

70
Q

what is myocardial infarction?

A

reduces the blood supply to the heart via coronary arteries

71
Q

what is heart failure?

A

the heart can’t pump enough blood to the organs

72
Q

what are the treatments for hypertension?

A

change of lifestyle, Diuretics – thiazides, Sympathetic nervous regulators, Calcium channel blockers, Vasoactive factors

73
Q

what do diuretics do?

A

reduce blood volume by increasing sodium but reducing potassium levels

74
Q

what do sympathetic nervous regulators do?

A

reduce heart rate and vasoconstriction

75
Q

what do vasoactive factors do?

A

block vasoconstricted activities

76
Q

what are the treatments for angina and IHD?

A

lifestyle changes, Beta blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Statins

Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 (14 decks)

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