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Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 > intro to haematology > Flashcards

intro to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

how much blood does an average adult have?

A

4-6 litres

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3
Q

what does the amount of blood in a person depend on?

A

the size of the person
concentration of ions
gender
amount of adipose tissue

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4
Q

what is Erythrocytes?

A

for transport of oxygen
no nucleus
biconcave shape
has pigment called haemoglobin
contains Erythropoietin which regulates production of red blood cells

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5
Q

what are the types of white blood cells-leucocytes?

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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6
Q

what is Leukocytosis?

A

high white blood cell count because of infection

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7
Q

what is Leukopenia?

A

low WBC because of viral infection and other infections

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8
Q

what are platalets?

A

fragments of cell called thrombocytes
used in clotting of blood
have receptors to bind to collagen
have ADP and other that trigger blood clotting

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9
Q

what is plasma?

A

liquid part of blood, mostly water

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10
Q

what does plasma contain?

A

nutrients
proteins
gases
electrolytes
waste products

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11
Q

what are the role of proteins in plasma?

A

bind to hormones and drugs and control volume regulation

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12
Q

what type of proteins are in plasma?

A

Albumins
Globulins-for transportation and immune defense
Fibrinogen-for blood clotting

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13
Q

what is Haematopoiesis?

A

generates blood cells from same stem cell
found in bone marrow of adults
regulated by hormones and cytokines

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14
Q

what is Haemostasis?

A

‘the physiological control of bleeding’
localized vasoconstriction happens at site of injury

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15
Q

blood clot?

A

prevent blood loss, allows healing
clotting remains localized

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16
Q

how is blood clot formed?

A

forms at site of injury by several, temporally overlapping stages

17
Q

what are the stages of blood clot?

A

primary and secondary haemostasis

18
Q

what is Primary haemostasis?

A

platelet plug formation

19
Q

what is secondary haemostasis?

A

clotting cascade

20
Q

what occurs after vasoconstriction?

A

primary haemostasis

21
Q

what happens during primary haemostasis?

A

formation of a primary haemostatic plug that contain aggregated platelets

22
Q

how does a primary haemostatic plug form?

A

platelets are activated and the site of action is the subendothelial matrix, this happens by having activated platelets to change shape and releasing secretory granule contents
the secretory granules cause other platelets to become involved

23
Q

what is platelet adhesion mediated by?

A

von Willebrand factor (vWF)
Platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI)
GPIb:vWF:collagen and GPVI:collagen needed for initiation of primary haemostasis

24
Q

what happens during platelet aggregation/

A

fibrinogen cross-links platelets to each other

25
Q

what is platelet recruitments and aggregation medicated by?

A

ADP and TxA2

26
Q

what happens during secondary haemostasis?

A

tissue factor initiates coagulation cascade
which is a sequence of enzymatic activity
then thrombin activated

27
Q

what are the two functions of thrombin?

A

converts soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin polymer
causes more platelet recruitment and activation

28
Q

why is haemostasis highly regulated at the site of injury?

A

to keep the lumen patent

29
Q

what are the five mechanisms of the endothelium around the injury and what do they do?

A

Prostacyclin- stop platelet aggregation and adhesion
Heparin and antithrombin III- inhibitors of thrombin
Proteins C and S-‘limits activation factors of factors V and VIII in clotting cascade’
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor- reduces action of tissue factor
Tissue-type plasminogen activator-converts plasminogen to plasmin which breaks
down fibrin

30
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

extension of haemostasis but less controlled
pathologic clot called thrombus

31
Q

what are the three major properties of thrombosis?

A

endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow,
and hypercoagulability
known as Virchow’s triad

32
Q

what is endothelial injury?

A

thrombus formation in heart and the arterial circulation

33
Q

what are the three classes of thrombus formation prevention?

A

antiplatelet agents
anticoagulants
thrombolytic agents
also surgical inventions like stents

34
Q

how are blood types told apart?

A

antigens on the surface of the blood cells
and antibodies in plasma

35
Q

why is it dangerous for a Rh-negative person to receive Rh-positive blood?

A

antibodies bind to cells and agglutination occurs

Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 (14 decks)

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