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Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 > Introduction to cells > Flashcards

Introduction to cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is cytosol?

A

the water containing inorganic ions and small organic molecules

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2
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

defines all contents and has a semi-solid consistency

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3
Q

structure of small cells?

A

simpler

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4
Q

advantages of smaller cells?

A

nutrients diffuse faster in smaller cells
adapt faster to enviornmental changes

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5
Q

what does the form of a cell tell you?

A

tells you about its function

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6
Q

how are red blood cells shape an indication of its function?

A

discoid shape
no nucleus provides large surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

how are epithelial cells shape an indication of its fucntipn?

A

microvilli providing cell polarity
increasing surface area for absorption

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8
Q

how are chondrocytes shapes an indication of their function?

A

‘embedded in thick extra cellular matrix proteins that hold water for cushioning’

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9
Q

what is the structure of nucleus?

A

membrane bound compartments
DNA packaged into chromosomes with nuclear matrix
nucleoli
surrounded by double membrane
nuclear pores
single, ovoid structure

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10
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

membrane folds

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11
Q

what happens to proteins in ER?

A

post translation modification

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12
Q

what does the ER store?

A

ca 2+ in muscle cells

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13
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

stacks of flattened smooth membrane sacs and vesicles

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14
Q

function of golgi apparactus?

A

processing and sorting proteins
where proteins go through post translation modification

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15
Q

what is the function of mitochondrion?

A

source of ATP and energy source

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16
Q

structure of mitochondrion.

A

double membrane structure
contains its own circular DNA, RNA and ribosomes

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17
Q

exampels of small organelles?

A

lysosomes
endosomes
phagosomes
peroxisomes

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18
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

come from golgi apparatus and contain enzymes to break down proteins, carbs and lipids in acidic enviornments

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19
Q

what are endosomes for?

A

part of cytoplasmic membrane when lipoproteins and foreign bodies are brought inside cell

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20
Q

wat are phagosomes?

A

break down foreign bodies where the cytoplasmic membrane engulfs the cell and uses enzymes to kill the particle

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21
Q

what are peroxisomes?

A

involved in oxidation-reduction reaction

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22
Q

structure of cytoskeleton?

A

filamentous proteins forming internal scaffold
for cell shape and structure

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23
Q

what does cytoskeleton consist of?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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24
Q

why do prokaryotes have less cytoskleleton?

A

cell wall provides strucutre

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25
Q

what is the remaining weight of a cell made up of?

A

macromolecules

26
Q

why is it important to know about cellular, molecular and structural biology?

A

treatments and disease act here
modern drug development relies on this
genetics is becoming more widespread

27
Q

what is DNA packaged into?

A

with proteins into super coiled structure called chromatin

28
Q

what does the DNA contain?

A

enzymes and proteins for regulation of DNA

29
Q

what is nucleoli?

A

regions of RNA and protein

30
Q

what are the nuclear pores in the nucleus for?

A

allow movement of small molecules

31
Q

what other properties of nucleus are there?

A

some have multiple nuclei
some have lobular nuclei

32
Q

what are the different parts of golgi apparatus and what are their functions?

A

cis- receives protein lipids form ER
trans- focuses on protein delivery
stack-processes lipids and proteins

33
Q

what else is the ER responsible for?

A

synthesis of lipids, steroids and detoxifies drugs in the liver

34
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis

35
Q

what are ribosomes made up of?

A

large and small subunits

36
Q

what are microfilaments used for?

A

provides mechanical support and allows actin to bind to many different proteins

37
Q

what are intermediate filaments used for?

A

mechanical strength for the resistance to stress

38
Q

what are microtubules used for?

A

separation of chromosomes

39
Q

properties of muscle cells?

A

specific protein fibres

40
Q

what is the structure in skeletal cells?

A

contractile fibres arranged in sarcomeres

41
Q

how does contraction happen in smooth muscle cells?

A

actin filaments arranged in cytoplasm with anchor points in cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane causing contraction by twisting

42
Q

what is cytoplasmic membrane also known as?

A

plasma membrane, sarcolemma and plasmalemma

43
Q

function of membrane?

A

controls what goes in/out of cell

44
Q

what does contacts and interactions with neighbouring cells depend on?

A

properties of membrane
molecules embedded in/on membrane

45
Q

how does a ribosome get its structure?

A

rRNA fold and interact to give ribosome its 3D structure

46
Q

what are bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

47
Q

properties of bacteria?

A

DNA free in the cytoplasm
circular form
no nuclear membrane
called nucleoid
naked, extra chromosomal DNA
smaller genome

48
Q

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

smaller ribosomes in prokaryotes with subtle differences in structure
faster replication of DNA in prokaryotes
prokaryotes don’t have membrane-bound intracellular organelles
most prokaryotes have a cell wall that include distinctive molecules

49
Q

what is the importance of cell wal?

A

structure, shape and preventing osmolysis

50
Q

what is the daigram of simplified bacteria structure?

A

slide25
Microsoft PowerPoint - Introduction to cells_LDKB_2024

51
Q

what are viruses?

A

‘small entities that require a host to live in’
evolve fast
‘Supramolecular structures of nucleic acids, proteins and sometimes lipids and carbohydrates’
‘need to infect a cell and use its machinery to reproduce’
‘Simple genomes, but genetic organization varies among viruses’

52
Q

what are the structural organizations of viruses?

A

naked
enveloped

53
Q

what is a simple diagram of virus?

A

slide 28
Microsoft PowerPoint - Introduction to cells_LDKB_2024

54
Q

what is the purpose of a capsid?

A

protect viral genome

55
Q

what are capsomers?

A

viral proteins that assemble protecting genetic material because produce have specific shapes

56
Q

what is tissue tropism?

A

capsomeres bind to receptors on cell surface and the virus invades the cell

57
Q

how do some viruses make host cell recognition easier?

A

they have membrane envelope that surrounds the capsid

58
Q

what are the properties of naked viruses?

A

‘they contain capsid only
Includes; Papilloma virus, Polio, Hepatitis A’

59
Q

what are the properties of enveloped viruses?

A

the capsid is surrounded by lipid layer or envelope obtained form host cell membrane

60
Q

what does the envelope contain?

A

‘viral proteins for infecting specific cell types’

61
Q

what do envelope viruses include?

A

HIV, Influenza A and B,
Coronaviruses

Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 (14 decks)

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