Introduction to cells

Question 1

what is cytosol?

Answer 1

the water containing inorganic ions and small organic molecules

Question 2

what is cytoplasm?

Answer 2

defines all contents and has a semi-solid consistency

Question 3

structure of small cells?

Answer 3

simpler

Question 4

advantages of smaller cells?

Answer 4

nutrients diffuse faster in smaller cells
adapt faster to enviornmental changes

Question 5

what does the form of a cell tell you?

Answer 5

tells you about its function

Question 6

how are red blood cells shape an indication of its function?

Answer 6

discoid shape
no nucleus provides large surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 7

how are epithelial cells shape an indication of its fucntipn?

Answer 7

microvilli providing cell polarity
increasing surface area for absorption

Question 8

how are chondrocytes shapes an indication of their function?

Answer 8

‘embedded in thick extra cellular matrix proteins that hold water for cushioning’

Question 9

what is the structure of nucleus?

Answer 9

membrane bound compartments
DNA packaged into chromosomes with nuclear matrix
nucleoli
surrounded by double membrane
nuclear pores
single, ovoid structure

Question 10

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 10

membrane folds

Question 11

what happens to proteins in ER?

Answer 11

post translation modification

Question 12

what does the ER store?

Answer 12

ca 2+ in muscle cells

Question 13

what is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 13

stacks of flattened smooth membrane sacs and vesicles

Question 14

function of golgi apparactus?

Answer 14

processing and sorting proteins
where proteins go through post translation modification

Question 15

what is the function of mitochondrion?

Answer 15

source of ATP and energy source

Question 16

structure of mitochondrion.

Answer 16

double membrane structure
contains its own circular DNA, RNA and ribosomes

Question 17

exampels of small organelles?

Answer 17

lysosomes
endosomes
phagosomes
peroxisomes

Question 18

what are lysosomes?

Answer 18

come from golgi apparatus and contain enzymes to break down proteins, carbs and lipids in acidic enviornments

Question 19

what are endosomes for?

Answer 19

part of cytoplasmic membrane when lipoproteins and foreign bodies are brought inside cell

Question 20

wat are phagosomes?

Answer 20

break down foreign bodies where the cytoplasmic membrane engulfs the cell and uses enzymes to kill the particle

Question 21

what are peroxisomes?

Answer 21

involved in oxidation-reduction reaction

Question 22

structure of cytoskeleton?

Answer 22

filamentous proteins forming internal scaffold
for cell shape and structure

Question 23

what does cytoskeleton consist of?

Answer 23

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 24

why do prokaryotes have less cytoskleleton?

Answer 24

cell wall provides strucutre

Question 25

what is the remaining weight of a cell made up of?

Answer 25

macromolecules

Question 26

why is it important to know about cellular, molecular and structural biology?

Answer 26

treatments and disease act here modern drug development relies on this genetics is becoming more widespread

Question 27

what is DNA packaged with?

Answer 27

with proteins into super coiled structure called chromatin

Question 28

what does the DNA contain?

Answer 28

enzymes and proteins for regulation of DNA

Question 29

what is nucleoli?

Answer 29

regions of RNA and protein

Question 30

what are the nuclear pores in the nucleus for?

Answer 30

allow movement of small molecules

Question 31

what other properties of nucleus are there?

Answer 31

some have multiple nuclei some have lobular nuclei

Question 32

what are the different parts of golgi apparatus and what are their functions?

Answer 32

cis- receives protein lipids form ER trans- focuses on protein delivery stack-processes lipids and proteins

Question 33

what else is the ER responsible for?

Answer 33

synthesis of lipids, steroids and detoxifies drugs in the liver

Question 34

what are ribosomes?

Answer 34

site of protein synthesis

Question 35

what are ribosomes made up of?

Answer 35

large and small subunits

Question 36

what are microfilaments used for?

Answer 36

provides mechanical support and allows actin to bind to many different proteins

Question 37

what are intermediate filaments used for?

Answer 37

mechanical strength for the resistance to stress

Question 38

what are microtubules used for?

Answer 38

separation of chromosomes

Question 39

properties of muscle cells?

Answer 39

specific protein fibres

Question 40

what is the structure in skeletal cells?

Answer 40

contractile fibres arranged in sarcomeres

Question 41

how does contraction happen in smooth muscle cells?

Answer 41

actin filaments arranged in cytoplasm with anchor points in cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane causing contraction by twisting

Question 42

what is cytoplasmic membrane also known as?

Answer 42

plasma membrane, sarcolemma and plasmalemma

Question 43

function of membrane?

Answer 43

controls what goes in/out of cell

Question 44

what does contacts and interactions with neighbouring cells depend on?

Answer 44

properties of membrane molecules embedded in/on membrane

Question 45

how does a ribosome get its structure?

Answer 45

rRNA fold and interact to give ribosome its 3D structure

Question 46

what are bacteria?

Answer 46

prokaryotes

Question 47

properties of bacteria?

Answer 47

DNA free in the cytoplasm circular form no nuclear membrane called nucleoid naked, extra chromosomal DNA smaller genome

Question 48

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 48

smaller ribosomes in prokaryotes faster replication of DNA in prokaryotes prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound intracellular organelles most prokaryotes have a cell wall that include distinctive molecules

Question 49

what is the importance of cell wal?

Answer 49

structure, shape and preventing osmolysis

Question 50

what is the daigram of simplified bacteria structure?

Answer 50

slide25 Microsoft PowerPoint - Introduction to cells_LDKB_2024

Question 51

what are viruses?

Answer 51

'small entities that require a host to live in' evolve fast 'Supramolecular structures of nucleic acids, proteins and sometimes lipids and carbohydrates' 'need to infect a cell and use its machinery to reproduce' 'Simple genomes, but genetic organization varies among viruses'

Question 52

what are the structural organizations of viruses?

Answer 52

naked enveloped

Question 53

what is a simple diagram of virus?

Answer 53

slide 28 Microsoft PowerPoint - Introduction to cells_LDKB_2024

Question 54

what is the purpose of a capsid?

Answer 54

protect viral genome

Question 55

what are capsomers?

Answer 55

viral proteins that assemble protecting genetic material because produce have specific shapes

Question 56

what is tissue tropism?

Answer 56

capsomeres bind to receptors on cell surface and the virus invades the cell

Question 57

how do some viruses make host cell recognition easier?

Answer 57

they have membrane envelope that surrounds the capsid

Question 58

what are the properties of naked viruses?

Answer 58

'they contain capsid only Includes; Papilloma virus, Polio, Hepatitis A'

Question 59

what are the properties of enveloped viruses?

Answer 59

the capsid is surrounded by lipid layer or envelope obtained from host cell membrane

Question 60

what does the envelope contain?

Answer 60

'viral proteins for infecting specific cell types'

Question 61

examples of enveloped viruses?

Answer 61

HIV, Influenza A and B, Coronaviruses