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Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 > Nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, replication and transcription > Flashcards

Nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, replication and transcription Flashcards

1
Q

what is RNA processing?

A

modifying RNA in the nucleus

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2
Q

what are the four basic synthetic genetic processes?

A

translation, transcription, RNA processing and replication

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3
Q

what are the differences between purines and pyrimidines?

A

purines have two rings but pyrimidines have one

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4
Q

examples of purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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5
Q

examples of pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds hold the bases together
has a phosphodiester backbone
major and minor grooves

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7
Q

what is the point in the grooves?

A

to allow factors to interact with the DNA during replication and transcription

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8
Q

what are nucleosomes?

A

they have 8 highly basic proteins called histones

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9
Q

what does DNA do to nucleosomes?

A

DNA wound around nucleosomes

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10
Q

what is the centromere?

A

on chromosomes responsible for separating chromosomes to form two daughter cells

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11
Q

what is the telomere?

A

protects the structure of the chromosome but is non-coding

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12
Q

what is the role of nucleosomes?

A

‘Nucleosomes have a role in regulation of gene expression, or activity, by determining whether the DNA sequences can be accessed by transcription factors’

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13
Q

what are the properties of RNA?

A

joined by 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bonds
folds and base-pairs with itself to form tertiary structures
sometimes catalyses reactions

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14
Q

what does the messenger RNA do?

A

‘Carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for translation into proteins’

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15
Q

name two intracellular chemical signalling moelcules?

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

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16
Q

what is the role of transfer RNA?

A

clover leaf shape
carries amino acids to be assembled into proteins
inosine is important for the function of tRNA

17
Q

what is Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)?

A

an energy source for cells

18
Q

where is energy stored in ATP and GTP?

A

the covalent bonds that links the three phosphates

19
Q

what is the process of DNA replication?

A

starting at RNA primer, DNA polymerase copies DNA template strand from 3’ to 5’ direction forming a new strand in 5’ to 3’ direction
because DNA is antiparallel DNA is replicated continuous and lagging strand
after replication the RNA primers removed and okazaki fragments ligated together

20
Q

what is the job of DNA primase?

A

synthesises RNA primers needed for DNA replication,

21
Q

what enzyme unwinds DNA helix

A

Helicases and topoisomerases

22
Q

what is the job of DNA ligase?

A

to join DNA ends

23
Q

what is exonuclease activity?

A

removes errors in DNA replication

24
Q

what enzyme makes RNA primers?

A

primase

25
Q

what does mRNA processing include?

A

splicing out introns, 5′ end capping, and the addition of a poly(A) tail

26
Q

what does Pol II do?

A

DNA transcribed into RNA

27
Q

what does Pol I do?

A

transcribes ribosomal RNA

28
Q

what does Pol III do?

A

transcribes transfer RNA

29
Q

difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase?

A

don’t require primer
don’t have 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activity

30
Q

how and why is a transcription bubble created?

A

opening DNA helix to give access to proteins to regulate transcription

31
Q

how is transcription initiated?

A

promotor region

32
Q

what are promotor regions?

A

sequences in DNA that determine where RNA polymerase should bind for transciption

33
Q

how is the rate of transcription initiation effected?

A

DNA-binding proteins with RNA polymerase

34
Q

what is TFIID?

A

‘TFIID consists of TATA binding protein (TBP) which binds to the TATA box’

35
Q

what do enhancers and response elements do?

A

Enhancers and response elements regulate gene expression

36
Q

what direction is DNA template and RNA transcript copied?

A

‘The DNA template is copied in the 3′-to-5′ direction and the RNA transcript is synthesized in the 5′-to-3′ direction’

Cardiovascular and Haematology (PHAR1017 ) year 1 (14 decks)

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