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Human Biology- Unit 2 Physiology and Health > The Cardiovascular System In Action > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System In Action Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cardiac output ?

A

The volume of blood pumped through each ventricle (out of the heart) per minute
It is measured in litres/ minute

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2
Q

What do the left and right ventricles pump the same volume of blood through?

A

The aorta and pulmonary artery

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3
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat

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4
Q

What does the pulse rate correspond to?

A

The heart rate

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5
Q

What is cardiac output determined by?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

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6
Q

How is an individuals cardiac output calculated ?

A

CO = HR X SV

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7
Q

How many chambers does the heart have ?

A

4

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8
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Collects blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to collect oxygen

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9
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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10
Q

What are the walls of the heart made of and what can this do?

A

Cardiac muscle

It can contract rapidly without fatigue for a life time

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11
Q

During atrial diastole what fills the right atrium ?

A

Deoxygenated blood returning from the body via the vena cava

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12
Q

What does a build up of pressure in the right side of the heart do?

A

Forces open the atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) and blood flows into the right ventricle, at this point the atrium contracts forcing all the blood into the ventricle (atrial systole)

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13
Q

Once full what happens to the right ventricles muscular walls and what does this cause ?

A

They contract (ventricular systole) closing the tricuspid (av valve) and forcing the blood up through the semi lunar valve and in to the pulmonary artery to the lungs

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14
Q

During atrial diastole what fills the left atrium?

A

Oxygenated blood retiring from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

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15
Q

What does a build up of pressure in the left side of the heart do?

A

Forces open the atrioventricular valve (bicuspid) and blood flows into the left ventricle, at this point the atrium contracts forcing all the blood into the ventricle (atrial systole)

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16
Q

Once full what happens to the left ventricles muscular walls and what does this cause?

A

They contract (ventricular systole) closing the bicuspid valve (AV valve) and forces the blood up through the Semj lunar valves and on through the aorta to the body’s organs

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17
Q

What are the opening and closing of the AV and SL valves responsible for?

A

The heart sounds heard with a stethoscope

18
Q

Where does the heart beat originate and how is it regulated ?

A

The heart

By both nervous and hormonal control

19
Q

What are the muscle cells of the heart known as due to them being able to contract spontaneously?

A

Myogenic

20
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node(SAN) or pacemaker situated ?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

21
Q

What does the SAN ensure?

A

That both atria contract simultaneously by sending out a wave of excitation (electrical impulses) which are carried through the muscular walls

22
Q

What happens once the impulse from the SAN reach the atrioventricular node(AVN) located near the base of the atria?

A

Sends out impulses unto a bundle of conducting fibres which cause the ventricles to contract simultaneously after the atria

23
Q

What initiates each heart beat and how can the heart rate be altered?

A

The pacemaker initiates i

It can be altered by nervous and hormonal activity

24
Q

How can the pacemaker(SAN) responds to situations?

A

Because it is connected to a part of the brain called the medulla

25
Q

How does the medulla regulates the rate of the SAN?

A

Regulates the rate of the SAN through the antagonistic action if the automatic nervous system (ANS)

26
Q

What do sympathetic accelerator nerves release and what does it cause?

A

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Causes an increase in heart rate

27
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves release and what does it cause ?

A

Acetylcholine

Causes a decrease in heart rate

28
Q

What happens to the sympathetic nervous system under certain circumstances such as stress or exercise?

A

Causes the adrenal glands to release adrenaline (epinephrine) which results in an increase in heart rate

29
Q

What do the auto rhythmic cells of the SAN do?

A

Sets the rate at which the cardiac muscle cells contract

30
Q

What is the timing of the cardiac cells contracting controlled by?

A

The impulse from the SAN spreading through the atria and then travelling to the atrioventricular node (AVN) and then through the ventricles.

31
Q

What do impulses from the SAN to the AVN generate?

A

Currents that can be detected by an electrocardiogram (ECG)

32
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

In the large elastic arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery)

33
Q

Where is blood pressure lowest ?

A

In the vena cava

34
Q

What is blood pressure generated by ?

A

The contraction of the ventricles

35
Q

What happens as the heart goes through systole and diastole during each cardiac cycle?

A

The arterial pressure rises and falls

36
Q

When is blood pressure at its maximum ?

A

During ventricular systole (120mmHg)

37
Q

When is blood pressure at its minimum?

A

During ventricular diastole (80mmHg)

38
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading for a young adult?

A

120/70 mmHg

39
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

Sphygmomanometer

The inflatable cuff stops blood flow and deflated gradually. The blood starts to flow (detected by a pulse) at systolic pressure. The blood flows freely through the artery ( and a pulse is not detected) at diastolic pressure when at rest

40
Q

What is hypertension ?

A

High blood pressure

It is the prolonged elevation of blood pressure when at rest

41
Q

What is a major risk factor for many disease in later life such as corona heart disease and strokes?

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Human Biology- Unit 2 Physiology and Health (7 decks)

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