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Human Biology- Unit 2 Physiology and Health > Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes And Obesity > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes And Obesity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The accumulation of fatty material (consisting mainly of cholesterol), fibrous material and calcium forming an atheroma or plaque

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2
Q

Where does an atheroma form?

A

Beneath the inner lining (endothelium) of the artery wall

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3
Q

What happens as an atheroma grows?

A

The artery thickens and loses it’s elasticity

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4
Q

What happens to the diameter of the artery and the blood flow?

A

Diameter is reduced which narrows the lumen of the artery

Blood flow becomes restricted which increases blood pressure

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5
Q

What is the process often referred to as the hardening of the arteries ?

A

Atherosclerosis

Formation of an atheroma

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6
Q

What is the root cause of various cardiovascular disease including angina, heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

What will happen if an atheroma ruptures ?

A

Damage the endothelium

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8
Q

What happens if the endothelium is damaged ?

A

Releases clotting factors that activate a cascade of reactions

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9
Q

What is the enzyme prothrombin converted into ?

A

It’s active form thrombin

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10
Q

What does thrombin cause ?

A

Molecules of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of insoluble fibrin protein

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11
Q

What do fibrin threads form?

A

A mesh work that platelets adhere to forming a blood clot which seals the wound an provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue

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12
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vessel

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13
Q

What happens if a thrombus breaks loose ?

A

It forms an embolus

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14
Q

What does an embolus do?

A

Travels through the bloodstream until it blocks a blood vessel

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15
Q

What will a thrombosis in a coronary artery lead to ?

A

Heart attack (MI)

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16
Q

What will a thrombosis in an artery in the bran lead to ?

A

A stroke

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17
Q

What happens if an artery is blocked?

A

The cells are deprived of oxygen

Results in the death of some tissues

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18
Q

What are peripheral arteries?

A

Those other than the aorta, coronary and carotid arteries

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19
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

The narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries other than those of the heart or brain

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20
Q

What arteries are most commonly affected by peripheral vascular disease?

A

The arteries to the legs

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21
Q

What is DVT (deep vain thrombosis) ?

A

The formation of a blood clot in the lower part of the leg resulting in swelling and severe pain

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22
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism caused by?

A

A part of a thrombus breaking free

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23
Q

What does a pulmonary embolism do and what can it cause?

A

Travels via the vena cava and heart chambers to the pulmonary artery where it can cause a blockage, resulting in chest pain and breathing difficulties. If untreated can lead to death

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24
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

An important substance as it is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for steroid (such as sex hormones) synthesis

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25
Q

How is most cholesterol synthesised?

A

By the liver from saturated fats in the diet

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26
Q

What do lipoproteins contain?

A

Lipid and protein

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27
Q

What does HDL (high density lipoprotein) transport?

A

Excess cholesterol from the body’s cells to the liver for elimination. This prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood

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28
Q

What does LDL (low density lipoprotein) transport ?

A

Cholesterol to body cells

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29
Q

Most cells have _____ receptors that take LDL into the cell where it releases ________

A

LDL

Cholesterol

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30
Q

What happens once a cell has sufficient cholesterol?

A

A negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors and LDL circulates in the blood where it may deposit cholesterol in the arteries forming atheromas

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31
Q

What will a higher ratio of HDL to LDL result in?

A

Lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of atherosclerosis

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32
Q

What raises levels of HDL?

A

Regular physical activity

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33
Q

What do dietary changes aim to do?

A

Reduce the levels of total fat in the diet and to replace saturated with unsaturated fats

34
Q

What do drugs such as statins do?

A

Reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

35
Q

What is Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) caused by?

A

An autosomal dominant gene which results in individuals developing high levels of cholesterol

36
Q

What does the FH gene result in?

A

A decreased number or altered structure of LDL receptors in cell membranes which stops the LDL from unloading its cholesterol into the cell

37
Q

How can you determine if the FH gene has been inherited?

A

Genetic testing

38
Q

What does treatment if FH involve?

A

Lifestyle modification and drugs such as statins

39
Q

What happens if levels of blood glucose become elevated (eg due to untreated diabetes)?

A

The endothelium cells lining the blood vessels absorb far more glucose than normal causing damage to the blood vessels

40
Q

What can atherosclerosis develop into ?

A

Cardiovascular disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease (blood vessels leading to hands, arms, toes, feet, legs)

41
Q

What does atherosclerosis do to the blood vessels?

A

Blood vessels thicken, they lose strength and can burst and bleed resulting in haemorrhage in the retina , renal failure or peripheral nerve dysfunction (nerves leading to hands, arms, toes, feet, legs)

42
Q

What is glucose the substrate for ?

A

Respiration

43
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration monitored by?

A

The islets if Langerhans in the pancreas

44
Q

What does the pancreas control?

A

Blood glucose with two hormones, insulin and glucagon, which act antagonistically

45
Q

What happens to the pancreas if blood glucose concentration rises?

A

The pancreas secretes more insulin and less glucagon

46
Q

What effect does a high concentration of insulin have on the liver?

A

Makes it more permeable to glucose so they absorb more

47
Q

In the liver cells what are joined together to form glycogen?

A

Glucose molecules

48
Q

If glucose is removed what happens to the blood glucose concentration?

A

Decreases to normal

49
Q

What happens to the pancreas if the blood glucose concentration falls?

A

The pancreas secretes more glucagon and less insulin

50
Q

What does a higher glucagon concentration cause ?

A

Glycogen to be converted to glucose in the liver increasing blood glucose levels

51
Q

What raises glucose levels during exercise and fight or flight responses(emergencies)?

A

Glucose levels are raised by adrenaline (epinephrine) released from the adrenal glands

52
Q

What does adrenaline released from the adrenal glands stimulate?

A

Glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion

53
Q

After a fight or flight situation what does insulin do?

A

Brings the blood glucose concentration back down to normal

54
Q

What is the regulation of blood glucose level an example of ?

A

Negative feedback control

55
Q

What can vascular disease be a chronic complication of ?

A

Diabetes

56
Q

When does type 1 diabetes usually occur ?

A

In childhood

57
Q

What is a person with type 1 diabetes unable to produce?

A

Insulin

58
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Regular injections of insulin

59
Q

When does type 2 diabetes or adult onset diabetes develop?

A

Later in life

60
Q

What type of individual does type 2 diabetes mainly occur in ?

A

Overweight individuals

61
Q

In type 2 diabetes what are their cells less sensitive to ?

A

They produce insulin but their cells are less sensitive to it

62
Q

What is the insulin resistance in individuals with type 2 diabetes linked to ?

A

A decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to a failure to convert glucose to glycogen

63
Q

After a meal what happens to an individual with diabetes (both types)?

A

Blood glucose levels will rise rapidly and the kidneys are unable to cope resulting in glucose being lost in the urine

64
Q

What can be an indicator of diabetes?

A

Testing urine for glucose

65
Q

What is the glucose tolerance test used for ?

A

To diagnose diabetes

66
Q

What is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity

67
Q

What is obesity characterised by?

A

Excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue (muscle)

68
Q

A body mass index greater than_____ is used to indicate obesity

A

30

69
Q

How is BMI calculated ?

A

BMI(Kg m-2) = Weight(kg)/height(m)2

70
Q

What is a disadvantage of calculating BMI?

A

Someone may be classified as overweight or obese when additional weight is not fat but muscle or bone mass

71
Q

What does an accurate measurement of body fat require?

A

The measurement of body density

72
Q

What does determining body composition by densitometry depend on?

A

The fact that fat is less dense than lean tissue

73
Q

How is body density measured?

A

Density = mass(g)/volume (cm3)

74
Q

How is volume of body measured ?

A

By submerging the person in water and measuring the volume of water displaced. Percentage body fat can then be calculated

75
Q

What is obesity linked to ?

A

High fat diets and a decrease in physical activity

76
Q

What should the energy intake in a diet limit?

A

Fats and free sugars

77
Q

What had a high calorific value?

A

Fats

78
Q

What requires no metabolic energy to be expended in digestion?

A

Free sugars

79
Q

What does exercise increase?

A

Energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue

80
Q

What does exercise reduce?

A

Risk factors for CVD by keeping weight under control

Stress

Hypertension

81
Q

What does exercise improve?

A

HDL blood lipid profiles

Human Biology- Unit 2 Physiology and Health (7 decks)

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