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PE > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What muscular wall separates the two sides of the heart?

A

Septum.

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2
Q

What are the two different chambers in the heart?

A

Atria and ventricle.

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3
Q

What is the role of the atria?

A

Push blood into the ventricles.

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4
Q

What is the role of the ventricles?

A

Push blood around the body.

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5
Q

What are the names of the blood vessels attached to the heart?

A

Inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, aorta.

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6
Q

What is the role of the inferior vena cava?

A

To bring deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.

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7
Q

What is the role of the superior vena cava?

A

To bring deoxygenated blood from the upper body back to the heart.

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8
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

To take deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle.

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9
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

A

To take oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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10
Q

What is the role of the aorta?

A

To take blood from the left ventricle and pump it around the body.

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11
Q

What are the names of the valves in the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve.

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12
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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13
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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14
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta.

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15
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

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16
Q

What is the role of the cardiac conduction system?

A

Send impulses to the cardiac muscles which make it contract.

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17
Q

“The heart muscle is described as myogenic” what does this mean?

A

The heart has the capacity to produce its own impulses.

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18
Q

Describe the pathway of a singular heartbeat

A

The heartbeat starts with an electrical signal located in the sinoatrial node (SAN). Then it spreads its wave through the heart (wave of excitation). This impulse spreads through the walls of the atria causing them to contract which forces blood into the ventricles. The impulse then passes through the atrioventricular node (AVN). This delays the transmission of the impulse by 0.1 seconds (this enables the atria to full contract).
After this, the AVN passes the electrical impulse down the bundle of His which is located in the septum. The bundle of His the branches out to form Purkinje fibres. When the impulse reaches the Purkinje fibres it causes the ventricles to contract and force blood out into the body.

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19
Q

What is the role sympathetic system?

A

Speeds up heart rate.

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20
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic system?

A

Slow down heart rate.

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21
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

Regulates processes such as breathing rate and heart rate.

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22
Q

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

A

To detect a change in pH through carbon dioxide concentration. If the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, this will stimulate the heart to beat faster. If the concentration of carbon dioxide is low then heart rate will be decreased.

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23
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors?

A

To detect a change in blood pressure through the stretching of the arterial wall. If the blood pressure is high then the heart rate gets lowered. If the blood pressure is low then heart rate gets increased.

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24
Q

What is the function of proprioceptors?

A

To detect changes in muscle movements. If a lot of muscular movement is detected then the heart rate will be increased in order to get enough oxygen to the working muscles. If muscle movement is low then heart rate decreases as the working muscles don’t need a lot of oxygen.

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25
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per contraction.

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26
Q

What are two factors that the stroke volume depends on?

A

Venous return and the elasticity of cardiac fibres.

27
Q

How does venous return affect stroke volume?

A

Venous return is the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins. As venous return increases stroke volume increases because if more blood enters the heart then more blood is able to leave it.

28
Q

How does the elasticity of cardiac fibres affect stroke volume?

A

This refers to how much the cardiac tissues stretch during the diastole phase (when the heart relaxes) of the cardiac cycle. The more the cardiac fibres stretch the greater the force of contraction will be.

29
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

30
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.

31
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate.

32
Q

How do you calculate maximal heart rate?

A

Maximal heartrate = 220 - age.

33
Q

What is cardiac hypotrophy?

A

The thickening of the musclular wall of the heart making it stronger.

34
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

35
Q

How does heart rate change during exercise?

A

Heart rate increases when exercising. However, the more intense the exercise the greater the heart rate will be.

36
Q

How does cardiac output change during exercise?

A

Cardiac output increases during exercise as there is an increase in heart rate and stroke volume.

37
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

38
Q

What is the function of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)?

A

LDL transport cholesterol in the blood to tissues, these are classed as bad cholesterol as they are linked to an increased risk in heart disease.

39
Q

What is the function of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)?

A

HDL transport excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down, these are classed as good cholesterol as they lower the risk of developing heart disease.

40
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

A progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure but heart rate increases which occurs during prolonged exercise.

41
Q

What is the vascular system made up of?

A

The vascular system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood through the body.

42
Q

What are the two types of circulation?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

43
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The circulation of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

44
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and then the return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

45
Q

What is the order of the blood vessels in the transport of blood?

A

Heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venuoles –> veins –> heart

46
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls

47
Q

How do you calculate blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure = blood flow x resistance

48
Q

How does blood pressure change during exercise?

A

Systolic blood pressure increases due to the increased force of contraction/stroke volume.
Diastolic blood pressure decreases due to vasodilation.

49
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure on the arterial walls when the ventricles are contracting.

50
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure on the arterial walls when the ventricles are relaxing.

51
Q

What is venus return?

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart.

52
Q

What happens to venus return during exercise?

A

During exercise, the amount of blood returned to the heart is increases.

53
Q

Why are active mechanisms required to help venus return?

A

In large veins, the blood pressure is very low so it is difficult to return the blood in these vessels to the heart.

54
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle pump?

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape and press on nearby veins which causes a pumping effect and squeezes the blood back to the heart.

55
Q

What is the function of the respiratory pump?

A

When muscles contract during inhalation and exhalation changes in pressure occurs in the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity. These changes in pressure compress nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.

56
Q

What is the function of the pocket valves?

A

The presence of valves in veins stop the backflow of blood.

57
Q

How does blood pressure affect venous return?

A

When systolic blood pressure increases, venous return also increases. When systolic blood pressure decreases, venous return also decreases.

58
Q

How many oxygen molecules does fully saturated haemoglbin carry?

A

4

59
Q

What is Bohr shift?

A

This is when an increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

60
Q

How is the redistribution of blood vary when exercising compared to being at rest?

A

During exercise, skeletal muscles require more oxygen so more blood is needed to be redirected to them to meet the increase in oxygen demand.

61
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries.

62
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels to reduce the flow of blood into the capillaries.

63
Q

What is the redistribution of blood important for during exercise?

A

Increasing the supply of oxygen to working muscles.

Remove waste products from the muscles.

Ensure blood goes to the skin during exercise to regulate body temperature and get rid of heat.

Direct more blood to the heart as it is a muscle and requires oxygen while exercise is occurring.

PE (11 decks)

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