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NASM PERSONAL TRAINING > THE CARDIORESPIRATORY, ENDOCRINE, AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS > Flashcards

THE CARDIORESPIRATORY, ENDOCRINE, AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

a system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways

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2
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

a system of the body, also known as the circulatory system that transports blood to tissues of the body

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3
Q

THORATIC CAVITY

A

chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs

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4
Q

MEDIASTINUM

A

the space in the chest between the lungs that contains all of the internal organs of the chest except the lungs

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5
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE

A

muscle of the heart

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6
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

the type of muscle tissue that connects to the bones and generates the force that creates movement

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7
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

an involuntary non striated muscle type that is found in organs

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8
Q

MYOFIBRILS

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

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9
Q

SARCOMERE

A

the structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z lines

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10
Q

ATRIUM

A

superior chambers of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart

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11
Q

VENTRICLE

A

inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body

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12
Q

INTERCALATED DISCS

A

found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells

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13
Q

RESTING HEART RATE (RHR)

A

the number of beats per minute while the heart is at complete rest (average RHR is 60-100 bpm)

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14
Q

SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE

A

located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat

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15
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE

A

located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles

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16
Q

STROKE VOLUME

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

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17
Q

END-DIASTOLIC VOLUME

A

the filled volume of the ventricle before contraction

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18
Q

END-SYSTOLIC VOLUME

A

the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

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19
Q

HEART RATE

A

the measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time

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20
Q

BRADYCARDIA

A

when heart rate is less than 60 BPM

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21
Q

TACHYCARDIA

A

when heart rate is higher than 100 BPM

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22
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT (Q)

A

the overall performance of the heart (heart rate x stroke volume)

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23
Q

GROWTH FACTORS

A

substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development and help with healing after an injury

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24
Q

WHAT 3 TYPES OF CELLS ARE IN BLOOD?

A

red, white, and platelets

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25
Q

WHAT DO RED BLOOD CELLS DO?

A

carry oxygen from lungs throughout the body

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26
Q

WHAT DO WHITE BLOOD CELLS DO?

A

help fight infections

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27
Q

WHAT DO PLATELETS HELP WITH?

A

blood clotting and healing after injury

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28
Q

WHAT ARE THE SUPPORT MECHANISMS OF BLOOD?

A

transportation, regulation, protection

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29
Q

STEM CELLS

A

Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells.

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30
Q

BLOOD VESSELS

A

network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body

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31
Q

ARTERIES

A

arteries carry blood away from heart and to the lungs

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32
Q

CAPILLARIES

A

the smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

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33
Q

VEINS

A

vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs

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34
Q

ARTERIOLES

A

small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries

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35
Q

VENULES

A

small veins that allow blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins

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36
Q

VASCULOGENESIS

A

the formation of new capillaries

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37
Q

ANGIOGENESIS

A

the formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels

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38
Q

VENOUS POOLING

A

The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow.

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39
Q

BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)

A

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/ diastolic.

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40
Q

PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE

A

the amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for the blood to flow

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41
Q

HYPERTENSION

A

consistently elevated blood pressure

42
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

a bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs in the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles

43
Q

RESPIRATORY PUMP

A

composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissue (muscle) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspirationf

44
Q

INSPIRATION

A

the process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body

45
Q

EXPIRATION

A

the process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body

46
Q

WHICH BONES ARE PART OF THE RESPIRATORY PUMP?

A

sternum, ribs, vertebrae

47
Q

WHICH MUSCLES ARE PART OF THE RESPIRATORY PUMP?

A

inspiration muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor) and expiration muscles (internal intercostals, abdominals)

48
Q

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

A

muscles between individual ribs

49
Q

SCALENES

A

sides of neck muscles

50
Q

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

A

front of neck muscle

51
Q

PECTORALIS MINOR

A

smaller chest muscle

52
Q

INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

A

muscles in between individual ribs

53
Q

VALSALVA MANEUVER

A

a process that involves expiring against a closed wind pipe creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability. (temporarily increases blood pressure)

54
Q

DIFFUSION

A

the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body

55
Q

TACHYPNEA

A

respiratory rate that is too high- greater than 24 breaths per minute

56
Q

BRADYPNEA

A

respiratory rate that is too low- lower than 8 breaths per minute

57
Q

DYSPNEA

A

shortness of breath or labored breathing

58
Q

DIAPHRAGMATIC BREATHING

A

breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area

59
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY ROLE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A

to ensure proper cellular function

60
Q

WHAT IS THE LITERAL DEFINITION OF ENDOCRINE

A

hormone secreting

61
Q

WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DO

A

produces hormones that regulate a variety of bodily functions, including mood, growth/development, tissue function, metabolism, etc.

62
Q

LIPOLYSIS

A

the breakdown and utilization of fat for energy

63
Q

ENZYME

A

a substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change

64
Q

GLANDS

A

organs that release substance into the bloodstream (such as hormones)

65
Q

HORMONE

A

chemical messenger released from glands that travel to cells to activate a specific function

66
Q

TARGET (RECEPTOR) CELL

A

cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. target cells exert an action after being activated

67
Q

WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

hypothalamus, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and reproductive

68
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS GLAND

A

a gland located in the brain that communicated with the pituitary gland

69
Q

PINEAL GLAND

A

small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin which regulates sleep cycles

70
Q

PANCREAS

A

an organ with multiple functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices

71
Q

THYROID GLAND

A

an endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones including thyroxin and calcitonin

72
Q

PITUITARY GLAND

A

An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.

73
Q

ADRENAL GLAND

A

A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.

74
Q

REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS

A

Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.

75
Q

INSULIN

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism.

76
Q

GLUCAGON

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin

77
Q

SUBSTRATES

A

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

78
Q

GLYCOGEN

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

79
Q

WHICH GLAND IS REFERRED TO AS THE MASTER GLAND?

A

the pituitary gland.

80
Q

GROWTH HORMONE

A

An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development.

81
Q

CATECHOLAMINES

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.

82
Q

CATABOLIC

A

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.

83
Q

GLUCONEOGENSIS

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

84
Q

OVERTRAINING

A

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.

85
Q

TESTOSTERONE

A

A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics.

86
Q

ANABOLIC

A

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.

87
Q

INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTORS (IGF)

A

Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.

88
Q

GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE

A

A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels.

89
Q

GALL BLADDER

A

an organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum

90
Q

LIVER

A

An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum.

91
Q

MOTILITY

A

In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through.

92
Q

MASTICATION

A

The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food.

93
Q

PERISTALSIS

A

The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.

94
Q

DIGESTION

A

Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body.

95
Q

ABSORPTION

A

The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process.

96
Q

ESOPHAGUS

A

The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach.

97
Q

INGESTION

A

The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.

98
Q

CHYME

A

A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.

99
Q

DUODENUM

A

Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum.

100
Q

JEJUNUM

A

Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum.

101
Q

ILEUM

A

The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine.

NASM PERSONAL TRAINING (9 decks)

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