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NASM PERSONAL TRAINING > NERVOUS, SKELETAL, AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS > Flashcards

NERVOUS, SKELETAL, AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

the type of muscle tissue that connects bones and generates the force that creates movement

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2
Q

FASCIA

A

connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

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3
Q

EPIMYSIUM

A

inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as “deep fascia”

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4
Q

FASCICLES

A

larges bundles of fibers within a muscle, surrounded by perimysium

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5
Q

PERIMYSIUM

A

connective tissue surrounding fascicle

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6
Q

ENDOMYSIUM

A

connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle

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7
Q

TENDONS

A

tendons connect muscles to bones.

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8
Q

STRAIN

A

when a tendon is overstretched or torn

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9
Q

LIGAMENTS

A

ligaments connect bones to bones

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10
Q

SPRAIN

A

when a ligament is overstretched or torn

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11
Q

GLYCOGEN

A

glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as liver and muscle cells. the storage form of carbohydrate

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12
Q

MYOGLOBIN

A

protein based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles

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13
Q

MYOFIBRILS

A

the contractile components of a muscle cell, myofilaments are contained within a myofibril

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14
Q

MYOFILAMENTS

A

the filaments of a myofibril, including actin and myosin

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15
Q

ACTIN

A

the thin stringlike myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

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16
Q

MYOSIN

A

the thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

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17
Q

SARCOMERE

A

the structural unit of a microfibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z lines

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18
Q

Z-LINES

A

the meeting point of each sarcomere

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19
Q

NEURAL ACTIVATION

A

the nervous systems signal that tells a muscle to contract

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20
Q

NERUOMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A

the specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with with muscle fibers

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21
Q

SYNAPSE

A

a junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells

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22
Q

MOTOR UNIT

A

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that It innervates

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23
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL

A

nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

A

chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

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25
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)

A

a neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction

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26
Q

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

A

the series of steps in a muscle contraction where myosin and actin filaments slide past each other to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere

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27
Q

POWER STROKE

A

the myosin heads bind to actin and pull them towards the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle

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28
Q

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

A

a high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body

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29
Q

RESTING LENGTH

A

the length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

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30
Q

TYPE 1 MUSCLE FIBERS

A

muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

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31
Q

TYPE 2 MUSCLE FIBERS

A

muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are quicker to fatique

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32
Q

ALL-OR-NOTHING PRINCIPAL

A

motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate, they either contract maximally or not at all

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33
Q

CAPILLARIES

A

the smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

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34
Q

HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM (HMS)

A

the collective components and structures that work together to move the body: the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

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35
Q

KINETIC CHAIN

A

a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

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36
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

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37
Q

NEURON

A

specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

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38
Q

NUCLEUS

A

cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosones

39
Q

ORGANELLES

A

tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within the cell. (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.)

40
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

the parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell

41
Q

EFFECTOR SITES

A

a part of the body such as a muscle or organ that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response

42
Q

ELECTROLYTES

A

minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium potassium and magnesium

43
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM (CNS)

A

a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

44
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

A

nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS

45
Q

AFFERENT PATHWAY

A

sensory pathway that relays information to the CNS

46
Q

EFFERENT PATHWAY

A

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

47
Q

INTERNEURONS

A

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

48
Q

MECHANORECEPTORS

A

specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

49
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

50
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

51
Q

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

52
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

53
Q

SENSORY FUNCTION

A

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

54
Q

PROPRIOCEPTION

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

55
Q

INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

56
Q

MOTOR FUNCTION

A

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

57
Q

MUSCLE SPINDLES

A

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

58
Q

STRETCH REFLEX

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

59
Q

GOLGI TENDON ORGAN (GTO)

A

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

60
Q

JOINT RECEPTORS

A

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

61
Q

NEUROPLASTICITY

A

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

62
Q

NEUROCIRCUITRY

A

the interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

MOTOR SKILLS

A

specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems

64
Q

SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

a description of the bones in the body

65
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS

A

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

66
Q

JOINTS

A

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

67
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

68
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

69
Q

LEVERS

A

rigid rods where muscles attach

70
Q

REMODELING

A

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

71
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

72
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

73
Q

WOLFF’S LAW

A

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

74
Q

LONG BONES

A

long and cylindrical with irregular or widened ends (HUMERUS, FEMUR)

75
Q

SHORT BONES

A

similar in length and width, almost cubical in shape (CARPALS, TARSALS)

76
Q

FLAT BONES

A

thin protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach (SCAPULAE, STERNUM, RIBS)

77
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

unique shape and function from other bones (VERTEBRAE)

78
Q

SESAMOID BONES

A

small rounded bones embedded in joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint (PATELLA)

79
Q

BONE DEPRESSIONS

A

flattened or indented portions of bone

80
Q

BONE PROCESSES

A

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

81
Q

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.

82
Q

SPINAL CORD

A

bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae

83
Q

INTEVERTEBRAL DISCS

A

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

84
Q

NEUTRAL SPINE

A

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

85
Q

OSTEOKINEMATICS

A

movement of a limb that is visible

86
Q

ARTHROKINEMATICS

A

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

87
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

A

a joint with a fluid filled joint capsule

88
Q

NONAXIAL

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

89
Q

NONSYNOVIAL JOINTS

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

90
Q

LIGAMENT

A

a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

91
Q

COLLAGEN

A

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

92
Q

ELASTIN

A

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

93
Q

GROWTH PLATE

A

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

NASM PERSONAL TRAINING (6 decks)

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