HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE Flashcards
HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM
components/structures that work together to move the body. comprised of the skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems.
KINETIC CHAIN
a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement
REGIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE MODEL
the concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body
BIOMECHANICS
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
KINESIOLOGY
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
ANATOMIC POSITION
the position with the body erect, the arms at the side, and the palms forward. It’s the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature
OSTEOKINEMATICS
movement of a limb that is visible
ARTHROKINEMATICS
the description of joint surface movement (roll, slide, or spin)
SAGITTAL PLANE
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
FLEXION
a bending movement in which which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
EXTENSION
a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
HYPEREXTENSION
extension of a join beyond the normal limit or range of motion
DORSIFLEXION
flexion occurring at the ankle
PLANTAR FLEXION
extension occurring at the ankle, pointing the foot downward
FRONTAL PLANE
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. movement in the frontal plane includes abduction/adduction and side to side movements
ABDUCTION
a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
ADDUCTION
movement in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body
LATERAL FLEXION
bending of the spine from side to side
EVERSION
a movement in which the heel bone moves laterally, bottom of foot facing outward
INVERSION
a movement in which the heel bone moves laterally, bottom of foot facing inward
TRANSVERSE PLANE
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
INTERNAL ROTATION
rotation of a body segment towards the middle of the body
EXTERNAL ROTATION
rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body
HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION
movement of arm or thigh in transverse plane from anterior to lateral
HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION
movement of arm or thigh in transverse plane from lateral to anterior
RADIOULNER PRONATION
inward rotation of forearm from palm up to palm down
RADIOULNER SUPINATION
outward rotation of forearm from palm down to palm up
GAIT - its your swag -
biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking/running/sprinting
SCAPULAR RETRACTION
adduction of scapulae (shoulder blades move towards midline)
SCAPULAR PROTRACTION
abduction of scapula (shoulder blades move away from midline)
SCAPULAR DEPRESSION
downward (inferior) motion of shoulder blades
SCAPULAR ELEVATION
upward (superior) motion of shoulder blades
ISOTONIC MUSCLE ACTION
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
ISOMETRIC MUSCLE ACTION
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
ISOKINETIC
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
MOTOR UNIT
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
CONCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
CORE
The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint
AGONISTS
The primary muscles providing force for a movement
SYNERGISTS
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
STABILIZERS
muscles contract isometrically to support and stabilize the joints and trunk as the body moves
FEED FORWARD ACTIVATION
when a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement
ANTAGONISTS
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles.
CLOSED CHAIN EXERCISE
an exercise involving applying force to an immovable object (hands or feet are typically fixed and to not move) ex: pull ups, push ups. closed chain activates multiple muscle groups
OPEN CHAIN EXERCISE
an exercise in which hands and feet are not fixed and are are free to move about. typically only targeting one muscle group (ex: bicep curl, lat pulldown)
FORCE
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
LENGTH TENSION RELATIONSHIP
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at the resting length
RESTING LENGTH
the length of a muscle when it is not actively being contracted or stretched
SARCOMERE
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
MYOSIN
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.
ACTIN
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.
MUSCLE BALANCE
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.
ALTERED LENGTH TENSION RELATIONSHIP
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
ALTERED RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
MUSCLE IMBALANCE
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
NEUTRAL POSITION
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.
STRETCH SHORTENING CYCLE
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.
SERIES ELASTIC COMPONENT
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.
AMORTIZATION PHASE
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.
STRETCH REFLEX
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
INTEGRATED PERFORMANCE PARADIGM
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).
JOINT SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.
DEEP LONGITUDINAL SUBSYSTEM (DLS)
muscles of of the lower leg, hamstring, and lower back region
POSTERIOR OBLIQUE SYSTEM (POS)
latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), and contralateral gluteus maximus.
ANTERIOR OBLIQUE SYSTEM (AOS)
The muscles include the obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators
LATERAL SUBSYSTEM (LS)
the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane
ROTARY MOTION
movement of the bones around the joint
TORQUE
A force that produces rotation
MOTOR BEHAVIOR
motor response to internal and external stimuli
MOTOR CONTROL
how the nervous system integrates sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response
MOTOR LEARNING
integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span
MUSCLE SYNERGIES
groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement
MECHANORECEPTORS
specialized structures that respond to touch/pressure within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
PROPRIOCEPTION
a body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts
SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION
Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
FEEDBACK
Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
INTERNAL FEEDBACK
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
EXTERNAL FEEDBACK
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
