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NASM PERSONAL TRAINING > HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE > Flashcards

HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM

A

components/structures that work together to move the body. comprised of the skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems.

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2
Q

KINETIC CHAIN

A

a concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

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3
Q

REGIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE MODEL

A

the concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body

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4
Q

BIOMECHANICS

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

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5
Q

KINESIOLOGY

A

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

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6
Q

ANATOMIC POSITION

A

the position with the body erect, the arms at the side, and the palms forward. It’s the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature

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7
Q

OSTEOKINEMATICS

A

movement of a limb that is visible

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8
Q

ARTHROKINEMATICS

A

the description of joint surface movement (roll, slide, or spin)

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9
Q

SAGITTAL PLANE

A

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

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10
Q

FLEXION

A

a bending movement in which which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

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11
Q

EXTENSION

A

a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

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12
Q

HYPEREXTENSION

A

extension of a join beyond the normal limit or range of motion

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13
Q

DORSIFLEXION

A

flexion occurring at the ankle

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14
Q

PLANTAR FLEXION

A

extension occurring at the ankle, pointing the foot downward

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15
Q

FRONTAL PLANE

A

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. movement in the frontal plane includes abduction/adduction and side to side movements

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16
Q

ABDUCTION

A

a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

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17
Q

ADDUCTION

A

movement in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body

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18
Q

LATERAL FLEXION

A

bending of the spine from side to side

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19
Q

EVERSION

A

a movement in which the heel bone moves laterally, bottom of foot facing outward

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20
Q

INVERSION

A

a movement in which the heel bone moves laterally, bottom of foot facing inward

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21
Q

TRANSVERSE PLANE

A

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

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22
Q

INTERNAL ROTATION

A

rotation of a body segment towards the middle of the body

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23
Q

EXTERNAL ROTATION

A

rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body

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24
Q

HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION

A

movement of arm or thigh in transverse plane from anterior to lateral

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25
Q

HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION

A

movement of arm or thigh in transverse plane from lateral to anterior

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26
Q

RADIOULNER PRONATION

A

inward rotation of forearm from palm up to palm down

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27
Q

RADIOULNER SUPINATION

A

outward rotation of forearm from palm down to palm up

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28
Q

GAIT - its your swag -

A

biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking/running/sprinting

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29
Q

SCAPULAR RETRACTION

A

adduction of scapulae (shoulder blades move towards midline)

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30
Q

SCAPULAR PROTRACTION

A

abduction of scapula (shoulder blades move away from midline)

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31
Q

SCAPULAR DEPRESSION

A

downward (inferior) motion of shoulder blades

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32
Q

SCAPULAR ELEVATION

A

upward (superior) motion of shoulder blades

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33
Q

ISOTONIC MUSCLE ACTION

A

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

34
Q

ISOMETRIC MUSCLE ACTION

A

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.

35
Q

ISOKINETIC

A

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.

It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.

36
Q

ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION

A

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

37
Q

MOTOR UNIT

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

38
Q

CONCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION

A

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.

39
Q

CORE

A

The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint

40
Q

AGONISTS

A

The primary muscles providing force for a movement

41
Q

SYNERGISTS

A

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement

42
Q

STABILIZERS

A

muscles contract isometrically to support and stabilize the joints and trunk as the body moves

43
Q

FEED FORWARD ACTIVATION

A

when a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement

44
Q

ANTAGONISTS

A

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles.

45
Q

CLOSED CHAIN EXERCISE

A

an exercise involving applying force to an immovable object (hands or feet are typically fixed and to not move) ex: pull ups, push ups. closed chain activates multiple muscle groups

46
Q

OPEN CHAIN EXERCISE

A

an exercise in which hands and feet are not fixed and are are free to move about. typically only targeting one muscle group (ex: bicep curl, lat pulldown)

47
Q

FORCE

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

48
Q

LENGTH TENSION RELATIONSHIP

A

the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at the resting length

49
Q

RESTING LENGTH

A

the length of a muscle when it is not actively being contracted or stretched

50
Q

SARCOMERE

A

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

51
Q

MYOSIN

A

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

52
Q

ACTIN

A

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

53
Q

MUSCLE BALANCE

A

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.

54
Q

ALTERED LENGTH TENSION RELATIONSHIP

A

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

55
Q

RECIPROCAL INHIBITION

A

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

56
Q

ALTERED RECIPROCAL INHIBITION

A

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

57
Q

MUSCLE IMBALANCE

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

58
Q

NEUTRAL POSITION

A

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.

59
Q

STRETCH SHORTENING CYCLE

A

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.

60
Q

SERIES ELASTIC COMPONENT

A

Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.

61
Q

AMORTIZATION PHASE

A

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

62
Q

STRETCH REFLEX

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

63
Q

INTEGRATED PERFORMANCE PARADIGM

A

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

64
Q

JOINT SUPPORT SYSTEMS

A

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.

65
Q

DEEP LONGITUDINAL SUBSYSTEM (DLS)

A

muscles of of the lower leg, hamstring, and lower back region

66
Q

POSTERIOR OBLIQUE SYSTEM (POS)

A

latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), and contralateral gluteus maximus.

67
Q

ANTERIOR OBLIQUE SYSTEM (AOS)

A

The muscles include the obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators

68
Q

LATERAL SUBSYSTEM (LS)

A

the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane

69
Q

ROTARY MOTION

A

movement of the bones around the joint

70
Q

TORQUE

A

A force that produces rotation

71
Q

MOTOR BEHAVIOR

A

motor response to internal and external stimuli

72
Q

MOTOR CONTROL

A

how the nervous system integrates sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response

73
Q

MOTOR LEARNING

A

integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior

74
Q

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A

change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span

75
Q

MUSCLE SYNERGIES

A

groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement

76
Q

MECHANORECEPTORS

A

specialized structures that respond to touch/pressure within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

77
Q

PROPRIOCEPTION

A

a body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

78
Q

SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION

A

Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

79
Q

FEEDBACK

A

Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

80
Q

INTERNAL FEEDBACK

A

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

81
Q

EXTERNAL FEEDBACK

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

NASM PERSONAL TRAINING (6 decks)

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