EXERCISE METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS

Question 1

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

Answer 1

a high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body. known as the energy currency of the body

Question 2

BIO ENERGETICS

Answer 2

the study of energy in the human body

Question 3

METABOLISM

Answer 3

all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself

Question 4

EXERCISE METABOLISM

Answer 4

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

Question 5

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Answer 5

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.

Question 6

MACRONUTRIENTS

Answer 6

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

Question 7

SUBSTRATES

Answer 7

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

Question 8

GLUCOSE

Answer 8

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.

Question 9

GLYCOGEN

Answer 9

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

Question 10

VENTILATORY THRESHOLD 1 (VT1)

Answer 10

The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.

Question 11

VENTILATORY THRESHOLD 2 (VT2)

Answer 11

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.

Question 12

TRIGLYCERIDE

Answer 12

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

Question 13

FREE FATTY ACIDS

Answer 13

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.

Question 14

PROTEIN

Answer 14

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues.

Question 15

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (EEA)

Answer 15

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.

Question 16

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Answer 16

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.

Question 17

NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE

Answer 17

When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended.

Question 18

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Answer 18

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

Question 19

KETOGENESIS

Answer 19

The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.

Question 20

KETOSIS

Answer 20

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.

Question 21

KETONE BODIES

Answer 21

Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate.

Question 22

EXOGENOUS KETONES

Answer 22

Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.

Question 23

INSULIN RESISTANCE

Answer 23

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.

Question 24

KETOACIDOSIS

Answer 24

Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.

Question 25

Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are called essential amino acids?

Answer 25

9

Question 26

HOW MANY CALORIES EQUAL 1 LB OF BODY FAT?

Answer 26

3,500

Question 27

ATP VS ADP

Answer 27

ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two phosphate groups. ATP IS THE PRIMARY ENERGY CURRENCY- ADP IS THE PRECURSOR AND CAN BE CONVERTED BACK TO ATP WHEN NEEDED

Question 28

Phosphorylation

Answer 28

The creation of ATP from ADP. (addition of a phosphate group to a molecule)

Question 29

ATP-PC

Answer 29

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism. IMMEDIATE ENERGY SYSTEM

Question 30

GLYCOLYSIS

Answer 30

energy system that takes over after ATP-PC tapers off, converting glucose into ATP, sustains the body’s energy systems for 2 apx minutes.

Question 31

ANAEROBIC

Answer 31

Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.

Question 32

DEAMINATION

Answer 32

The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.

Question 33

ELECTRON TRANSPORT TRAIN (ETC)

Answer 33

A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create ATP

Question 34

BETA OXIDATION

Answer 34

The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 35

OXIDATIVE ENERGY

Answer 35

energy system that takes over after both ATP and glycolysis taper off. fuel source is Pyruvate and free fatty acids

Question 36

PYRUVATE

Answer 36

3 carbon acid formed during glycolysis and used in oxidative energy