EXERCISE METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS Flashcards
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
a high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body. known as the energy currency of the body
BIO ENERGETICS
the study of energy in the human body
METABOLISM
all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself
EXERCISE METABOLISM
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.
MACRONUTRIENTS
Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.
SUBSTRATES
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
GLUCOSE
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.
GLYCOGEN
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
VENTILATORY THRESHOLD 1 (VT1)
The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.
VENTILATORY THRESHOLD 2 (VT2)
The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.
TRIGLYCERIDE
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.
FREE FATTY ACIDS
The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.
PROTEIN
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (EEA)
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.
NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.
NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended.
GLUCONEOGENESIS
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
KETOGENESIS
The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.
KETOSIS
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.
KETONE BODIES
Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate.
EXOGENOUS KETONES
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.
INSULIN RESISTANCE
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.
KETOACIDOSIS
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.
Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are called essential amino acids?
9
HOW MANY CALORIES EQUAL 1 LB OF BODY FAT?
3,500
ATP VS ADP
ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two phosphate groups. ATP IS THE PRIMARY ENERGY CURRENCY- ADP IS THE PRECURSOR AND CAN BE CONVERTED BACK TO ATP WHEN NEEDED
Phosphorylation
The creation of ATP from ADP. (addition of a phosphate group to a molecule)
ATP-PC
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism. IMMEDIATE ENERGY SYSTEM
GLYCOLYSIS
energy system that takes over after ATP-PC tapers off, converting glucose into ATP, sustains the body’s energy systems for 2 apx minutes.
ANAEROBIC
Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.
DEAMINATION
The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT TRAIN (ETC)
A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create ATP
BETA OXIDATION
The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.
OXIDATIVE ENERGY
energy system that takes over after both ATP and glycolysis taper off. fuel source is Pyruvate and free fatty acids
PYRUVATE
3 carbon acid formed during glycolysis and used in oxidative energy
