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A Level Biology - 3.1.2 Transport in animals > The cardiac cycle > Flashcards

The cardiac cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the heart sounds?

A

Lub and dub

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2
Q

What is lub?

A

The first heart sound (S1)

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3
Q

What causes lub?

A

The turbulence causes by the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves when ventricles are full and start contracting

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4
Q

When does lub occur?

A

At the start of systole

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5
Q

What is dub?

A

The second heart sound (S2)

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6
Q

What causes dub?

A

The closure of the semi-lunar valves

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7
Q

When does dub occur?

A

At the end of systole

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8
Q

How is heartbeat regulated?

A

The pacemaker

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9
Q

What is the pacemaker in the heart?

A

The sino atrial node

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10
Q

What is the pacemaker made of?

A

A patch of myogenic tissue in the right atrium

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11
Q

What is the effect of the pacemaker?

A

It generates electrical signals so heart muscles contract

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12
Q

What regulates the heart relate?

A

The two nerves attached to the sino trial nerve

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13
Q

What are the 2 nerves attached to the SAN?

A

The accelerator nerves and vagus nerve

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14
Q

What causes the atria to contract?

A

A wave of electrical excitation that spreads over the heart muscle of the atria

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15
Q

What separates the atria from the ventricle?

A

A disc of non-contractile tissue

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16
Q

Where does electrical excitation gather?

A

At the atrio-ventricular node before passing down the Purkinje fibres into the bundle of His at the apex

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17
Q

What is the delay at Q?

A

When the signal is gathering at the atrioventricular node

18
Q

What do all cells have?

A

An electrical charge difference across their membrane

19
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

Sending out electrical charge

20
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

Charge is built up again it can send out signal

21
Q

What are the waves on the sinus rhythm?

A

PQRST

22
Q

What is the p wave?

A

The small hump before the wave

23
Q

What does the p wave represent>

A

The depolarisation of the atria where the atria contract

24
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

The main wave

25
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

The depolarisation of the ventricles

26
Q

What does the QRS complex require?

A

A much stronger electrical signal because of the large size of the ventricular cardiac muscle

27
Q

What is the T wave?

A

The small hump after the big wave

28
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

The repolarisation of the ventricles which occurs during the QRS complex which masks it on an ECG

29
Q

What are types of heart conditions?

A

Tachycardia, bradycardia, ectopic heartbeat and atrial fibrillation

30
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When the heartbeat is very rapid

31
Q

When is tachycardia normal?

A

When you exercise, have a fever or are frightened/angry

32
Q

What causes tachycardia?

A

Problems with electrical control of heart so may need treatment with medication or surgery

33
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

When the heartbeat slows below 60 bpm

34
Q

When is bradycardia normal?

A

In many active people as long as it isn’t severe

35
Q

How is bradycardia treated?

A

An artificial pacemaker to keep heart beating steadily

36
Q

What is ectopic heartbeat?

A

Extra heartbeats that are out of normal rhythm

37
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Abnormal rhythm of the heart

38
Q

What causes atrial fibrillation?

A

Rapid electrical impulses are generated in the atria causing them to contract very fast

39
Q

What is the effect of atrial fibrillation?

A

Some impulses are passed on and heart doesn’t pump blood effectively

40
Q

What is the use of a defibrillator?

A

To electrically shock the heart to restore the normal rhythm when cardiac output is lost

41
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate

42
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction

A Level Biology - 3.1.2 Transport in animals (6 decks)

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