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The Bull - MT Flashcards

1
Q

Which animal, the bull or the cow, is responsible for passing on the milk production gene?

A

The Bull

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2
Q

Why are libido testing & mating ability often NOT included in a routine Bull BSE?

A

Difficult & time-consuming tasks

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3
Q

What are the 4 essential attributes a bull is required to pass a BSE?

A
  1. Freedom from disease
  2. Good libio
  3. Physically sound (sheath conformation, scrotal circumference)
  4. Good semen quality

Basically must be able to ID estral cows, see, eat, walk

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4
Q

Why is it important to test the bull’s vision during a BSE?

A

Bulls ID estrual cows by sight

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5
Q

List the Accessory Sex Glands of the Bull.

Which one often causes the most problems?

A
  • Vesicular Glands/Seminal vesicles ⇒ causes the most problems
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral gland
  • Ampulla
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6
Q

Where is the storage site for sperm in the bull?

A

The tail of the epididymis

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7
Q

List the important players in sperm production.

A
  • Hypothalamus ⇒ GnRH
  • Anterior pituitary ⇒ LH & FSH
  • Sertoli cells (testes) ⇒ Inhibin & E2
  • Leydig cells (testes)⇒ Testosterone
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8
Q

Why are we concerned about the

scrotal circumference of bulls?

A

Bulls w/ small testes:

  • produce less sperm
  • have earlier testicular degeneration
  • produce offspring that reach puberty later
     **Bulls w/large testes:**
  • good sperm production
  • **offspring earlier puberty **
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9
Q

Where is scrotal circumference measured?

A

At the widest part of the scrotum

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10
Q

What is the minimum acceptable scrotal circumference for a bull > 24 months?

A

34 cm

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11
Q

What are some ways that a vet

can collect semen from a bull?

A
  • Rectal massage
  • AV
  • Electro-ejaculation
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12
Q

When should you place the AV on the penis when collecting semen via electro-ejaculation?

A

Put the AV on once you see white

(don’t collect the clear fluid)

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13
Q

What are the minimum standards a bull must meet in order to pass the Semen Quality exam?

A
  • Fair gross motility (generalized oscillation)
  • > 30% individual motility
  • > 70% normal sperm cell morphology
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14
Q

What should the volume of the

spermatozoa + seminal fluid be?

A

1 - 6 mL

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15
Q

What stain is used to evaluate bull sperm?

What color is live sperm? dead sperm?

A

Eosin-nigrosin stain

Live = White

**Dead = Pink **

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16
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify sperm abnormalities?

A
  1. Site of abnormality on the sperm
    • head, midpiece or tail
  2. Orgin of defect
    • 1° ⇒ testes (spermatogenesis)
    • 2° ⇒ epididymis
    • 3° ⇒ post-ejaculation (handling, etc)
  3. Effects on fertility
    • Major vs. minor
    • Compensable vs. uncompensable
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17
Q

What morphological sperm defect is commonly seen?

What does it indicate?

A
  • Proximal protoplasmic droplets
  • Scrotal injury or testicular heating
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18
Q

What will correct a compensable spermatic defect?

A

Increasig the sperm dose

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19
Q

What can cause orchitis in bulls?

A
  • Brucellosis (~ 61 d)
  • A. pyogenes
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20
Q

Define Testicular Hypoplasia.

A

total or partial lack of development

**of spermatogenic tissue; congenital i.e it never developed **

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21
Q

Define Testicular degeneration.

A

total or parital LOSS of spermatogenic tissue

usually following an insult e.g orchitis, fever, trauma (it was there but now its atrophied)

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22
Q

Define a Hydrocoele.

A

Accumulation of fluid btwn the

tunica vaginalis, parietalis & visceralis

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23
Q

Define a Hematocoele.

A

Accumulation of blood btwn the

tunica vaginalis, parietalis & visceralis

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24
Q

What is a spermatocoele?

A

cyst/sperm granuloma caused by leakage of sperm cells into surrounding tissue

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25
What is a varicocoele?
dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus associated with testicular atrophy
26
**What is the treament protocol for Fibro-papilloma that causes bleeding on the prepuce.**
* **Tissue vax** * **Surgical removal**
27
**What term indicates a stricture of the preputial orifice that prevents the penis from being protruded?**
**Phimosis**
28
**What is the term that indicates an inability to withdraw the penis into the prepuce?**
**Paraphimosis**
29
**List possible causes of Phimosis.**
* **Persistent penile frenulum** * **Penile hematoma** * **Penile fibro-papilloma** * **Trauma to preputial opening or sx for preputial prolapse **
30
**If you visualize swelling in front of the scrotum of a bull, what should be on your rule out list?**
* **Penile rupture** * **Penile hematoma**
31
**List the venereal diseases that you need to be concerned about in the bull?**
* ***Campylobacter*** * *Mycoplasma* * ***Tritrichomonas*** * BVDv * BHV-1 (IBR)
32
**What stain is used when doing a** **Live-Dead Count of spermatozoa?**
**Nigrosin-eosin stain**
33
What is the minimum a number of sperm one has to count in order to perform an accurate "Live-Dead Count"?
@ least 500 sperm
34
**Which sperm are alive?** **Which sperm are dead?**
**Sperm 2 is the only live sperm in this picture** **(1, 3 & 4 are dead)**
35
**What can the presence of small "clots" or blood in the ejaculate be indicative of?**
**Seminal vesiculitis**
36
What is the normal volume of ejaculate for a bull?
4 mL avg. | (2 - 10 mL)
37
What is the normal sperm concentration per ejaculate?
1250 million/mL avg. | (600 - 2800million/mL)
38
What is the normal total number of sperm per ejaculate?
~ 4-5 billion
39
**What is the exceptable progressive motility rate?**
**\> 70% have to show progressive motility**
40
**What percentage of sperm have to have normal morphology in order to be used?**
**\> 75% must show normal morphology**
41
During what part of the collection/AI process are sperm the most likely to die?
During the freezing & thawing phases
42
Why can we dilute out bull semen and still achieve high conception rates w/ AI?
Intra-uterine insemination requires 10-100X less sperm than natural cover
43
Which diseases are easily spread through bull semen?
* **FMD\*\*** * **BVDv\*\*** * IBR (BHV-1) * IPVV * *Trichomonas* * *Campylobacter fetus* * *Campylobacter venerealis* * *Lepto. hardjo*
44
Which disease are _unlikely_ to be spread through bull semen?
* Malignant catarrhal fever * EBL * Johne's Dz. * Q-fever * Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE) * Akabane Dz.
45
When can you consider a bull disease free?
Absence of infection for 21 days
46
What machince can be used to "sex" sperm? Drawbacks?
* Flow cytometry * Not 100% reliable * costly * low fertility * requires 50,000 sperm/dose * Must perform deep uterine AI close to a follicle for good results
47
**What type of penis do bulls have?**
**Fibroelastic **
48
**Which is more prone to issues due to poor sheath conformation: * Bos indicus* or *Bos taurus ***
***Bos indicus***
49
When palpating the testes, how do you want them to feel?
Want firm and elastic, freely moveable, same size
50
**If you see neutrophils in semen, which accessory sex gland may be affected?**
**Vesicular glands**
51
What color do you want semen to be? What could yellow semen indicate? Grey semen? Red/brown semen?
White/ivory yellow - urine/pus grey - low [sperm] red/brown - blood
52
**What consistency do you want semen to be? Why?** Smell? pH?
**Creamy : correlated with [sperm]** mild cholreine smell pH +/- 6.2 (alkaline = urine)
53
**When evaluating sperm microscopically to observe the gross motility, what are the movements you may observe, and are they good or bad?**
* Rapidly swirling = very good * Slower swirling = good * **generalized oscillation = fair** * sporadic oscillation = poor
54
Indiviual motility of semen must be \> = \_\_
\> = 30%
55
Compensable or Non-compensable: Which one penetrates the zona pellucida?
Non-compensable --\> sperm can penetrate ZP, but either cant cause fertility or cause EED
56
**Venereal diseases are an important part of BSE --\> which are the 2 main ones**
* **Tritrichomonas foetus ** * **Campylobacter fetus subsp. veneralis **
57
Do bulls show C/S with veneral dz such as Tritrich or Campy? What can you see in the cow? How do you dx?
Bulls = No C/S Cows may have EED (common); abortions (uncommon) Dx: sheath scrape or sheath was in bulls --\> 3 tests 3 weeks apart --\> send for culture or PCR
58
What are the congenital issues that can affect bull fertility?
* Cryptorchid * Testicular hypoplasia * Segmental aplasia of epididymis (rare) * Inguinal hernia (uncommon)
59
**What are the acquired issues that can affect bull fertility?**
* **Orchitis (Brucella)** * Testicular degeneration due to orchitis, fever, trauma, stress, nutrition * Spermatic granuloma/spermatocoele (more common in small ruminants)
60
What are the C/S of **orchitis**? Unilateral or Bilateral? Causes? DDx?
C/S * Hot, swollen, painful Often Unilateral Causes * Trauma, penetrating wound, hematogenous spread **DDx** * **Brucella **
61
If dealing with unilateral orchitis, what may you need to do?
May need to perform a hemi-orchidectomy in valuble breeding animals ASAP to save the unafected teste before heat damages it
62
What is a spermatic granuloma? Who is it more common in?
Spermatic Granuloma * Autoimmune reaction to sperm due to their haploid state --\> granuloma * Due to leakage of sperm into th surrounding tissues sue to damage (usually epididymal damage) More common in bucks/rams
63
What are the congenital issues affecting the penis that affect fertility? Acquired? Which is more important: congenital or acquired?
Congenital * Persisten penile frenulum * Rainbow or corkscrew penis * Diphallus (rare) **Acquired ** * **Fibropapilloma ** * **Penile hematoma/broken penis** * **Preputial prolapse** * Balanoposthitis * Phimosis/Paraphimosis ​Acquired conditions are very important
64
What is ruptured with a hematoma penis/broken penis? **Pathognomonic sign of Hematoma penis/broken penis** Prognosis?
Tunica albuginea is ruptured **Swelling just cranial to scrotum and proximal to sigmoid flexure** Poor to guarded prognosis
65
Preputial Prolapse Causes? What prolapses? Tx? Complications?
Causes * Poor sheath conformation, tick bites, abscess Lamina interna prolapses thru preputial opening Tx * conservative or surgical Complications * stenosis formation and phimosis
66
What is Balanoposthitis? Cause?
Inflammation of the glans and prepuce Usually caused by bovine herpes virus

Theriogenology (8 decks)

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