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Theriogenology > Required Reading > Flashcards

Required Reading Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 steps that most occur before the embryo can attach to the uterus.

A
  1. development w/in the confines of the zona pellucida
  2. hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida
  3. materinal recognition of pregnancy
  4. formation of the extraembryonic membranes
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2
Q

A ______ is an organism in the early stages of developement.

A

embryo

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3
Q

What is the term for a potential offspring that is still w/in the uterus, but is generally recognizable as a member of a given species?

A

Fetus

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4
Q

What is the term for the product of conception?

A

Conceptus

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5
Q

“Conceptus” includes what 3 things?

A
  1. embryo during the early embryonic stage
  2. embryo & extraembryonic membranes during the preimplantation stage
  3. fetus & placenta during the post-attachement phase
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6
Q

When does syngamy occur?

A

when the female & male pronuclei fuse

into a single diploid nucleus

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7
Q

What is the term for the cells in a 2-celled embryo?

A

Blastomeres

AKA

Daughter cells

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8
Q

What is the 8-celled embryonic stage called?

A

Morula

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9
Q

What 3 components make up a Blastocyst?

A
  • ICM (inner cell mass)
  • Blastocoele
  • Trophoblast
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10
Q

What is the term used to describe the ability of a single cell to give rise to a complete, fully formed individual?

What embryonic stages exhibit this trait?

A
  • Totipotent
  • Blastomeres from the 2-, 4-, 8- & 16- cell embryos
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11
Q

When does the morula reach the cow’s uterus?

A

4-7 days post ovulation

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12
Q

When does the blastocyst reach the cow’s uterus?

A

7-12 days post ovulation

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13
Q

When does the hatching reach the cow’s uterus?

A

9-11 d post ovulation

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14
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

in the Ampulla of the Oviduct

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15
Q

What 3 forces govern the hatching of the blastocyst?

A
  1. growth & fluid accumulation w/in the blastocyst
  2. production of enzymes by the trophoblastic cells
  3. contraction of the blastocyst
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16
Q

Which structure gives rise to the chorion?

A

trophoblastic cells

17
Q

When is the blastocyst totally dependent upon the uterine environment for survival?

A

after the zona pellucida ruptures

18
Q

List the 4 extraembryonic membranes

that make up the preattachment embryo.

A
  • yolk sac
  • chorion
  • amnion
  • allantois
19
Q

Which 3 embrynoic structures give rise to the

Amnion & Chorion?

A
  • Trophoblast
  • primitive endoderm
  • primitive mesoderm
20
Q

Which structure gives rise to the yolk sac?

A

primitive endoderm

21
Q

Which embryonic structure makes up the Allantois?

A

the primitive gut

22
Q

What is the fetal contribution to the placenta?

A

the allantochorion

23
Q

What must occur to prevent luteolysis

& termination of pregnancy?

A

maternal recognition of pregnancy

24
Q

What does the blastocyst secrete to block the synthesis of uterine oxytocin receptors of the cow?

A

Interferons

(bIFN-t/bTP-1)

25
Q

What is the critical time period for maternal recognition of pregnancy by the cow?

A

13-14 days post ovulation

26
Q

What is the critical time of embryo attachement in the cow?

A

18-22 days post ovulation

27
Q

What is required for a successful pregnancy?

A

high blood [Progesterone]

28
Q

List some advantages of embryo transfer.

A
  • circumvention of seasonal reproduction
  • enhanced generation of offspring in monotocous species
  • enhanced repro potential of endangered species
  • enhanced genetic diversity across a wide geographical region
29
Q

List some things involved in

successful embryo transfer.

A
  • synchronizing the cycles of donors & recipients
  • superovulation of the donor animal
  • AI of the donor female
  • recovery of embyros from the donor
  • maintenance of vialble embryos in vitro
  • transfer of embryos to recipient females
30
Q

What must occur in order for embryos from the donor animal to develop w/in the recipient animal?

A

the stage of their cycles must coincide

31
Q

What is usually used to achieve superovulation?

A

FSH

(gonadotrophins)

32
Q

How can you recover oocytes from the

ovaries of a donor cow?

A
  • surgically
  • using an U/S to aspirate follices
  • post-mortem in an abattoir
33
Q

List the 5 major steps of Embryo transfer in the cow.

A
  1. sychronization of recipients w/ donor
  2. Superovulation of donor
  3. A.I of donor w/ semen from a superior bull
  4. Recovery & I.D. of viable embryo
  5. Transfer of viable embryo into synchronized recipients

Theriogenology (8 decks)

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