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Theriogenology > Small Ruminant - MT > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - MT Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the semen deposited in ewe when doing AI?

A

Internal os of the cervix

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2
Q

What are the conception rates using fresh semen?

Frozen semen?

A
  • 70-75% conception rates w/ fresh
  • 5-15% conception rates w/ frozen
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3
Q

Depositing semen into the _______ vagina of the ewe results in a conception rate of 50-60%.

A

Anterior vagina

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4
Q

What affects puberty/onset of puberty in small rumis?

A
  • Age
  • Nutritional status
  • Exposure to rams
  • Seasonality ⇒ photoperiodicity
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5
Q

Sheep are ______ day breeders?

A

Short day

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6
Q

Describe Photoperiodicity’s effects on the ovine.

A

short day length ⇒ increase melatonin⇒

**increased GnRH = cyclicity **

(increased sensitivity to ovarian estradiol ⇒FSH & LH pulses ⇒Follicle development & ovulation)

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7
Q

What is “Flushing/Flush Feeding”?

Why do we do it to ewes?

A
  • Feeding high energy meals 2-3 wks before breeding season
  • Increases ovulation rate
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8
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the doe?

A

18 - 22 days

(Doe = female goat)

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9
Q

What is the gestation length of the ewe and doe?

A

5 mo.

(145 - 150 d)

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10
Q

How long does it take the ova to move to the ewe’s uterus?

A

72 hrs

(3 d)

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11
Q

When does implantation occur in the ewe?

A

begins ~ d. 18

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12
Q

The ewe’s CL is the primary progesterone source until what day?

A

~day 70

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13
Q

Is the first heat often “visible” in the ewe?

A

NO

1st heat is usually “Silent”

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14
Q

What must you have in place in order to establish a “Lambing Season”?

A
  • Estrus Synchronization program
  • Estrus detection
  • Adequate sire/ AI
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15
Q

Why do they use Synchronization programs in

small rumis?

A
  • Timed period of lambing/kidding
  • To induce estrus during the non-breeding season
  • Maintain continuous milk supply from dairy herds
  • Allow for optimal nutritional management of dam & youngs
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16
Q

What is the Ram/Buck Effect?

A

Rams/bucks isolated from ewe/does for 4-6 weeks

Introduction of a teaser male or breeder male into an all female herd will induce estrus w/in 3-4 days due to the pheromones produced by the male.

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17
Q

What must be done in order for the Ram/Buck Effect to be successful?

A
  • Females should have no contact w/ males 3-4 wks prior
  • Males used should be isolated for 1-2 months before
  • Can use a “Buck Rag”
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18
Q

How long are CIDRs or Impregnated Sponges/Pessaries placed into the anterior vagina of the ewe? the doe?

What hormone do they utilize?

A
  • 12 - 14 days ⇒ ewe
  • 18 - 21 days ⇒ doe
  • Progesterone
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19
Q

In what phase of the estrous cycle is PGF2a effective?

A

Luteal phase

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20
Q

Describe how PGF2a can be used to

synchronize ewes & does.

A
  • Ewes → 2 injections of PGF2a or Cloprostenol IM 8-9 days apart → estrus w/in 2-3 days
  • Does → 2 injections of PGF2a or Cloprostenol IM 11-12 days apart → estrus w/in 2-3 days
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21
Q

How can you bring transitional ewes into estrus?

A
  • Place vasectomized ram w/ ewes → estrus w/in 6-12 d.
  • Give PGF2a or Cloprostenol IM, followed be eCG
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22
Q

What is the uterine transport time in the sheep?

A

2 to 4 days

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23
Q

When does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in the ewe?

A

**Day 12 **

(Interferon-t and rapid elongation of trophoblast)

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24
Q

When does implantation of the embryo occcur in the doe and ewe?

A

d. 18 of gestation

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25
Q

When does the placenta take over P4 production

in the Ewe?

Implications?

A
  • > d. 75
  • Luteolytic agents may not induce abortion after this day
    • Corticosteroids may be required
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26
Q

How is pregnancy maitained in the Doe?

A

P4 from the CL ONLY!!

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27
Q

What type of placenta do sheep & goats have?

A

Cotyledonary, epitheliochorial placentation

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28
Q

When can you use U/S to DX pregnancy in Small Rumis?

A
  • Transrectal → d. 18 to 60 of gestation
  • Transabdominal → d. 30 to 120 of gestation
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29
Q

How can you confirm pregnancy via U/S?

(3)

A

Visualize:

  • Fetus
  • Placentomes
  • Fluid filled uterine luminal segments
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30
Q

When can twin pregnancies be ID?

A

Between days 45 to 90 of gestation

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31
Q

When can Pregnancy Specific Protein B (PSPB) be ID?

Why do we use it?

A
  • After day 25 of gestation
  • To DX multiple fetuses
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32
Q

What is post breeding anestrous?

A

Failure or ewe/doe to return to heat after breeding

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33
Q

List the signs that the ewe/doe is about to go into labor.

A
  • Udder fills rapidly
  • Pelvic ligaments relax
  • Vulval edema
  • Clear vulval discharge
  • Shedding of the cervical plug (up to 1 wk prior)
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34
Q

Characteristics of Stage 1 of Parturition?

A
  • Lasts 2-12 hrs
  • Ewe leaves flock → acts uncomfortable & restless
  • Ewe urinates frequently
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35
Q

Characteristics of Stage 2 of Parturition?

A
  • Lasts 1-2 hrs
  • Active labor and delivery of the lamb
  • Ewe in lateral recumbency
  • Amnion protrudes from vulva, followed by forefeet and head
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36
Q

Characteristics of Stage 3 of Parturition.

A
  • Lasts 1-8 hrs.
  • Delivery of the placenta
  • Involution of the uterus
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37
Q

When is involution of the uterus complete?

A

by 28 d. postpartum

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38
Q

What is Lochia?

Is it normal?

A
  • Non-odorous reddish-brown vaginal discharge
  • Normal for 3 wks postpartum
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39
Q

How can you induce parturition in a ewe?

A
  • > day 137 of gestation
  • Dexamethasone IM
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40
Q

How can you induce parturition in a Doe?

A
  • > day 144 of gestation
  • PGF2a → parturition in 6-12 hrs.
  • Corticosteroids
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41
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in the ewe?

A

Simultaneous presentation of 2 fetuses at the pelvic inlet

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42
Q

What is the “Shake down technique” for correcting dystocia in the ewe?

A
  • Elevate the ewe’s hind legs to allow one fetus to be repelled
  • Will allow for easy delivery of the 2nd fetus
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43
Q

What is the proper C-section technique in small rumis?

A
  • Adeqaute physical restraint
  • Lateral recumbency → left side up
  • Inverted L/Paravertebral block
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44
Q

List the infectious agents that can cause abortion in small rumis.

A
  • Bacterial
    • Campylobacter jejuni/intestinalis
    • Brucellosis
    • Chlamydophila abortus
    • Leptospirosis
    • Salmonellosis
  • Viral → Bluetongue
  • Rickettsial → Q-fever
  • Protozoal → Toxoplasmosis
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45
Q

C/S of Campylobacteriosis in Small Rumis?

A
  • Abortion rate = > 70%
  • Adults ⇒ Mucopurulent discharge
  • Placenta ⇒ Edema
  • Fetus ⇒ Liver necrosis & SQ edema
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46
Q

How do you DX Campylobacteriosis?

A
  • Isolate the organism
    • Darkfield/contrast microscopy of: placenta, fetal abomasal contents, maternal vaginal discharge
    • Impression smear of cotyledon
  • Serology
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47
Q

What 3 drugs can be used to TX Campylobacteriosis?

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Penicillin
  • Tylosin
48
Q

How can you prevent Campylobacteriosis from getting into your small rumi herds?

A
  • VAX
  • Good sanitation practices
  • Avoid fecal contamination of feed
49
Q

C/S of Campylobacteriosis in Humans?

(ZOONOTIC)

A
  • Mild gastroenteritis
  • Possible neuromuscular dz.
50
Q

What agent is responsible for Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE)?

A

Chlamydophila abortus

(Most common cause of abortion in goats in the USA)

51
Q

When does C. abortus attack the placenta?

Result?

A
  • at day 90 of gestation = Late term abortions
  • due to placentitis of cotyledons & intercotyledonary space
52
Q

If exposed for the 1st time in the _____ half of gestation,

the animal may abort in the subsequent pregnancy.

A

Last half of gestation

53
Q

C/S of Chlamydiosis?

A
  • Adults
    • Late term abortion
    • Systemic dz.
  • Placenta
    • Placentitis of cotyledons & intercotyledonary space
    • Thickened placenta→ white, grey, yellow or red cotyledons
54
Q

How can you DX Chlamydiosis?

A
  • Impression smears → placenta, fetal tissue, uterine discharge → Inclusion bodies
  • Serology→ ELISA or IFA
    • Paired samples 2-3 wks apart.
55
Q

How do you TX Chlamydiosis?

A

Tetracycline

56
Q

How do you prevent Chlamydiosis?

A
  • Killed Vax → sheep
  • Remove aborting females from herd
  • Good sanitation
  • Dams are immune for ~ 3 yrs following abortion
57
Q

C/S of Chlamydiosis in Humans?

(ZOONOTIC)

A
  • Influenza-like syndrome
  • Can cause abortion in pregnant women
58
Q

C/S of Brucellosis in Goats?

(Not in the USA in goats)

A
  • Abortion storms during the l_ast trimester_
  • Systemic disease
  • Placenta will be normal w/ B. melintensis
59
Q

C/S of B. ovis in Sheep?

A
  • Adults
    • Late term abortions
    • Epididymitis in rams
  • Placenta
    • Thickened & necrotic (unlike B. mellitensis)
60
Q

How can you try to prevent Brucellosis?

A
  • Vax → live, attenuated for B. melintensis
  • Test & slaughter programs → all new herd additions & males yearly before breeding
  • Bury/burn placentas & aborted fetuses
61
Q

What can B. melitensis cause in humans?

A

Malta Fever→ Undulant fever

62
Q

Which 3 species of Lepto can goats get?

A
  • L. icteroheamorrhagiae
  • L. grippotyphosa
  • L. pomona
63
Q

Which 4 species of Lepto can Sheep get?

A
  • L. hardjo
  • L. bratislava
  • L. pomona
  • L. icterohaemorrhagiae
64
Q

C/S of Lepto in Sheep & Goats?

A
  • Adults
    • Abortion in the last trimester
    • Dams - marked jaundice, hemoglobinuria & anemia
  • Affects Goats > sheep
65
Q

What type of stain is used to look for Lepto in the placenta, fetal tissue & fluids?

A

Silver stain

(look at using dark field microscopy)

66
Q

How can you prevent Lepto from entering into a small rumi herd?

A

Vaccinate 2-4 times/yr.

67
Q

C/S of Salmonellosis?

A
  • Adults
    • Abortion storms → 70% of the flock
    • Fever, depression, diarrhea, metritis, retained fetal membranes (systemic illness)
    • Increased mortality in ewes after abortion
68
Q

How can you DX Salmonellosis is small rumis?

A
  • Culture organism → aborted fetus, placenta & uterine discharge
  • Serology → agglutination tests
69
Q

Which Listeria species ONLY causes abortion in Sheep?

A

L. ivanovii

(others will cause abortion in sheep & goats)

70
Q

C/S of Listeriosis?

A
  • Adults
    • Infected early in gestation → abortion
    • Encephalitis & septicemia
  • Fetuses
    • Microabscessation in the liver & brain
71
Q

TX & Prevention of Listeriosis?

A
  • Good quality silage
  • Tetracycline
  • Vax w/ 2 doses of live, attenuated vax
72
Q

C/S of Q Fever?

A
  • Adults
    • Abortion outbreaks (goats > sheep)
    • Animals become immune after initial outbreak but become carriers
  • Placenta
    • Necrosis of the cotyledons
    • Thickening of the intercotyledonary areas
73
Q

What stain is used to DX Q-fever?

A

ZN stain

74
Q

C/S of Q-fever in Humans?

A
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Hepatitis
  • Myalagia
  • Endocarditis
75
Q

What occurs when a goat becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

(goats > sheep)

A
  • Infected before breeding
    • no abortion
  • Infected btwn 30-90 days of gestation
    • fetal death → resorption or mummification
  • Infected late in gestation
    • abortion
76
Q

On necropsy of a doe, you notice that the intercotyledonary area of her placenta is normal. But, she has grey-white to yellow foci of necrosis and calcification scattered througout.

What is the causative agent?

A

T. gondii

(Toxoplasmosis)

77
Q

What will the aborted fetus’s brain look like if it was due to Toxoplamosis?

A

Will have chalky white, necrotic brain lesions

78
Q

How can you DX Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Placental lesions
  • Abs in fetal fluids → MAT, ELISA, IFA
  • Isolation of the organism from placenta, fetal brain, lung or muscles
79
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the Ewe?

A

14-19 days

80
Q

What are your main 2 options for estrous synchronization?

A
  • Ram/Buck effect
  • **Homonal methods **
    • Progesterone
      • **sponges, CIDRs, Norgestomet implants **
    • **Prostaglandins **
81
Q

Estrus Synch Protocol using Prostaglandins

A
  • **2 injections of PGF2aor Cloprostenol IM **
    • 8-9 d apart in the ewe and 11-12 d apart in the doe
    • Estrus is seen within 2-3 d
82
Q

Signs of estrus in the doe and ewe

A

**Signs of estrus difficult to spot **

(use teasers with marking harness)

83
Q

How do you induce partus in ewe? doe?

A

Ewe

  • Dexamethasone > D137

Doe

  • PGF2a
84
Q

What is the most common cuase of dystocia in the ewe/doe?

A

**Most commonly due to multiple fetuses presented at the pelvic inlet **

85
Q

**NB!!!! thing you need to be aware of with a doe in parturition **

A

Uterus is very friable!!!!

**NB! Vaccination status for clostridia **

86
Q

What is Hydrometra?

Dx?

Tx?

Fertility post tx?

A

**Goat appears pregnant but does not kid **

Maintained by CL

Dx: U/S - fluid filled uterus but no cotyledons/fetus; typical honeycomb appearance

**Tx: PGF2a injection daily for 1-3 days; doe will have a “cloud burst” and evacuate all fluid **

87
Q

What are the categories of the male BSE?

A
  1. History
  2. Physical exam
  3. Specific reproductive exam (check for pizzle rot)
  4. Semen collection
  5. Veneral dz (B. ovis - do serology)
88
Q

BSE parameters that are evaluated in the ram/buck?

A
  • Libido
  • Examine prepuce and penis
  • Scrotal circuference
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
89
Q

How do you evaluate libido in bucks/rams?

A

Usually from hx, serving capacity tests uncommon

90
Q

When examing the prepuce and penis during a buck/ram BSE, what should you check for?

A
  • Pizzle rot
  • Phimosis
  • Examine penis
  • Urethral process (urolithiasis)
91
Q

What is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the US

A

Campylobacteriosis

92
Q

What should the scrotal circuference be for the following age categories of rams?

8-14 m

>14 m

A
  • 8-14m
    • 30-36 cm
  • >14m
    • 32-40 cm
93
Q

With palpating the testes in the ram –> check for symmetry and consistency. Presence of epidiymitis and spermatic granulomas what is your DDx

A

DDx: B. ovis

94
Q

BSE semen parameters for the buck/ram (vol., color, motility, morph)

A
  • Vol
    • 0.5-1.5 ml
  • Color
    • Milky - creamy
  • Motility
    • >30% to pass BSE, but usually >70%
  • Morphology
    • >70% normal sperm to pass BSE, but usually >70%
95
Q

What do you do with the following BSE results

Unsatisfactory in any category?

Questionable in any category?

Satisfactory in all categories?

Exceptional in all categories?

A
  • Unsatisfactory
    • Cull
  • Questionable
    • Re-test
  • Satisfactory
    • Capable of serving 50 ewes
  • Exceptional
    • capable of serving 100 ewes
96
Q

Congenital Penile abnormalities affecting the male

A
  • Hypospadias (uncommon)
  • Short penile length (uncommon)
97
Q

Congenital testiticular and epididymal abnormalities in the male

A
  • Testicular hypoplasia
  • Cryptorchid
  • Other - gynaecomastia
98
Q

Aquired penile abnormalities in the male

A
  • Urolithiasis and uretheral rupture
  • Balanoposthitis
  • Hair ring
  • Phimosis
  • Paraphimosis
  • Scrotal mange (uncommon)
99
Q

Acquired testicular and epididymal abnormalities in the male

A
  • Orchitis
  • Epididymitis
  • Sperm Granulomas
100
Q

What are predisposing factors to Balanopothitis (Pizzle Rot)

A
  • Protein rich diet
  • alkaline urine
  • bacterial infection of the prepuce (corynebact. renale)
  • bacteria produce ammonia frem the urethra which has a scalding and cytotoxic effect on the prepuce
101
Q

C/S of Balanoposthitis (pizzle rot)

A

Clinical signs

  • Painful urination (dribbling
  • Kicking at abdoment (pain)
  • Scabs at preputial orifice
102
Q

Tx of Balanopothitis

A

Mild cases: restrict dietary protein, ad lib H2O

Severe cases: acidify urine (ammonium chloride); irrigate prepuce with mild antiseptic, broad spectrum AB’s

103
Q

Rx and prognosis for phimosis

A
  • Manually break down adhesions
  • NSAIDs - flunixin
  • AB’s - penicillin
  • Lavage sheath

Prognosis poor if continues for > 2 weeks

104
Q

Orchitis

Causes

C/S

Rx

A

Causes

  • trauma, chronic epididymitis

C/S

  • Hot, painful, swollen testis/testes, assymetrical on palpation
  • Pain on walking, decreased libido

Rx

  • Antibiotics, NSAID’s
  • If valuable breeding animal, consider hemi-castration SOONER RATHER THAN LATER
    *
105
Q

NB!!!!!!!!!!!!! Epididymitis

Pathogen in older rams vs younger rams (note age distribution)

Transmission old vs young

A

Pathogen

  • Old - B. ovis
  • Young - Histophilus spp., Actinobacillus spp, Hemophilus spp, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Transmission

  • Old
    • Contagious veneral dz; homosexual activity in multisire groups; via ewe at breeding
  • Young
    • Environmental contamination
106
Q

NB!!!!!!!!!!!!! C/S of Epididymitis

A
  • acute infection: hot, painful swelling of epid. (assymetrical esp in the tail of the epidid.)
  • Increased neutrophils in semen
  • Hindlimb lameness due to pain
  • Chronic infection: hard swellings of epididymal tail
  • Increased WBCs in semen
107
Q

NB!!!!!!!!!! Dx, Tx, and Prevention Epididymitis

A

Dx

  • Older rams: Culture - from semen; Serology- ELISA, CF
  • Young rams: Difficult

Tx

  • Old - cull
  • Young - Oxytetracyclines

Prevention

  • Old - Test and cull B. ovis positive animals
  • Young - Raise lambs in extensive conditions
108
Q

In the buck, what is sperm granulomas associated with?

A

**The intersex condition **

109
Q

What is the cause of sperm granulomas in the buck?

A
  • abnormal foramtion of the head of the epidid. resulting in blind ending ductules
  • sperm builds up and eventually cuases rupture ductules resulting in a severe inflammatory condition and granuloma formation
  • may get calcification of granuloma
  • back pressure results in testicular degeneration
110
Q

C/S and Dx of sperm granulomas

A

​C/S

  • Firm (often mineralized) swelling at head of epididymis
  • Cooresponding small, atrophic testes
  • May be initially

Dx

  • U/S (mineralization)
  • C/S
111
Q

What is the term for “milking buck syndrome”?

A

Gynaecomastia = genetic disorder

112
Q

Are gynaecomastic bucks able to breed

A

Normal libido and fertility but shoud be selected against since it is genetic

113
Q

**NB!!!!!!!!!! Intersex Condition - Goats **

In what type of breed is this more common?

A

More common in dairy breeds (Sanaan, toggenburg and alpine breeds)

114
Q

NB!!!! Intersex Condition - Goats

Various phenotypic variations, but most commonly _____

A

**male pseudohermaphrodites **

**- have testes (usually internal) but phenotypically (look like) female goats **

115
Q

NB!!!!!! Intersex - Goats

What do they look like at birth, and what changes as they get older?

A
  • female like at birth

Theriogenology (8 decks)

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