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Theriogenology > Cow Main Points - Dr. May > Flashcards

Cow Main Points - Dr. May Flashcards

Dr. May's NB for the Final

1
Q

Basics of Bovine reproductive physiology?

A
  • Polyestrous
  • Puberty ⇒ 10 m. (avg.)
  • Estrous cycle ⇒ 21 d. (avg)
  • 2-3 follicular waves of 7-10 d. duration each
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2
Q

What 2 hormones peak during the Follicular Phase of the Bovine estrous cycle?

A
  • LH (highest)
  • E2
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3
Q

Which hormone peaks during the Luteal phase of the Bovine estrous cycle?

A

Progesterone

(P4)

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4
Q

Which cells, in the Bovine, become Large Luteal Cells?

A

Granulosa cells

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5
Q

Which cells, in the bovine, become Small Luteal Cells?

A

Theca cells

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6
Q

What is the size of the bovine follicle at ovulation?

A

2 - 2.5 cm

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7
Q

Describe the uterus of a cow in Estrus.

A
  • Marked uterine tone
  • Thick mucosal discharge
  • Vulval edema
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8
Q

What is the duration of Estrus in the Bovine?

A

8-12 hrs.

(Max = 24 hrs)

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9
Q

When does ovulation occurs in the Bovine?

A

12 hrs after the END of Estrus

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10
Q

What two parts of the Estrous cycle make up the Follicular Phase in the Cow?

What is their duration?

A
  • Estrus ⇒ + 24 hrs.
  • Proestrus ⇒ + 2-3 d.
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11
Q

List the durations of the 4 phases of the Bovine Estrous Cycle.

A
  • Estrus ⇒ d. 0 -1
  • Metestrus ⇒ d. 1-4
  • Diestrus ⇒ d. 4-18
  • Proestrus ⇒ d. 18-21
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12
Q

What 2 parts make up the Luteal Phase of the Bovine Estrous Cycle?

A

Metestrus & Diestrus

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13
Q

What is the primary goal of reproductive management in cattle?

A

Improved economics

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14
Q

What is the ideal dairy management scheme?

A
  • Ideal calving interval ⇒ 1 calf per yr.
  • Days in Milk (DIM) ⇒ 305 d.
  • “Dried off “ & rebred = 60 d.
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15
Q

What is the most important management aspect of “Dry” cows going through the transition period?

A

Nutritional management ⇒ critical to prevent ketosis or hypocalemia

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16
Q

What is the Voluntary Waiting Period (VWP)?

How long does it typically last?

A
  • period the farmer waits after calving before
    rebreeding his cows
  • Usually 45-60 d.
    • Uterine involution takes 45 d.
      • Will be delayed if any calving complications occured
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17
Q

Define “Days open” (a.k.a Calving to Conception Interval).

Why do we care?

A
  • Period from which the cow calved to when she is confirmed pregnant.
  • Peak lactation occurs ~ 45-90 d. post parturition
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18
Q

What is the primary cause of poor reproductive performance on dairies?

A

Poor heat detection!

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19
Q

When do you perform the post-partum evaluation?

A

25-30 days after calving

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20
Q

When do you perform the pregnancy exam?

A

5-6 wks. post breeding

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21
Q

What is the target calving interval?

A

12-13 months

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22
Q

What is the target number of “Days open”?

A

90-100 days

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23
Q

What is the target # of services per conception?

A

2 - 2.5 services per conception

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24
Q

What is the target # of days to 1st service?

A

70-75 days

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25
Q

Why do we perform estrous synchronization in cattle?

A
  • To synchronize estrus for A.I.
    • reduce the work load on the staff
  • To synchronize estrus for Embryo transfer
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26
Q

Describe the Ov-synch program for Estrus synchronization.

A
  • Most commonly used protocol in the U.S. dairy herds
    • Goal is to manipulate the CL
  • GnRH ⇒ any point in the cycle
    • Ovulation of dominant follicle OR
    • New follicular wave
  • PGF2a ⇒ 7 d. after GnRH
    • Luetolysis
  • 2nd injection of GnRH ⇒ 48 hrs. after PGF2a
    • Ovulation of the Dominant follicle
  • A.I. 24-33 hrs. later
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27
Q

When will 1 injection of PGF2a cause luteolysis of the CL?

A

> D. 5-6

CL has to be old enough to display PGF2a receptors

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28
Q

When will a cow come into Estrus if given PGF2a after d. 5-6?

A

W/in 1-7 d.

(depends on the type of the follicles present: dominant vs. earlier ones)

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29
Q

How many days apart do you give PGF2a if you are using 2 shots to synch your herd?

Why do we prefer this method?

A
  • 2 injections of PGF2a 11-14 days apart
  • All cows will come into heat 5-7
    days after the 2nd injection
    • Better synchrony ⇒ 60% will respond to the 1st injection
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30
Q

Describe how the CIDR Estrus synch protocol works.

A
  • CIDR ⇒ Progestrone
    • Placed intra-vaginally for 7 d.
  • Give a shot of PGF2a on d. 6
  • Remove the CIDR on d. 7 ⇒ cows should come into estrus 1-3 d. after the CIDR is removed
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31
Q

Where does conception (fertilization) occur in?

A

Uterine Tube

(Fallopian tube; Salpinx; Oviduct)

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32
Q

When is it appropriate to use the term “Embryo”?

A
  • Used to describe the early non-distinguishable stage
  • from fertilization ⇒ d. 42 of parturition
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33
Q

When is it appropriate to use the term “Fetus”?

A
  • W/in the uterus, but the species is recognizable
  • d. 42 ⇒ term
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34
Q

What is the specific pregancy protein produced by Bovine & Ovine embryos?

A

Interferon-T

(INF-T)

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35
Q

What type of placentation do cows have?

A
  • Synepithelial-chorial
  • Cotyledonary
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36
Q

What is the main P4 source during bovine pregnancy?

A

CL

(d. 5 - 150)

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37
Q

When is the placenta capable of producing enough P4?

What does this mean pracitcally (in regards to abortion)?

A
  • d. 150 - d. 265
  • During this period, you must use PGF2a & Corticosteroids to successfully terminate a pregnancy
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38
Q

When is appropriate to use the term EED?

(Early Embryonic Death)

A

If death occurs BEFORE d. 42 of gestation

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39
Q

What are the consequences of EED?

A
  • BEFORE maternal recognition of pregancy ⇒ NO extension of the luteal phase
  • AFTER maternal recognition of pregnancy ⇒ increased interestrus interval
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40
Q

What is the condition Arthrogryposis?

A

When the joints are permenantly flexed

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41
Q

What is the condition Schistosomus Reflexus?

A
  • Failure of the body wall to close properly
  • Abdominal organs are on the outside (calf is “inside-out”)
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42
Q

Describe the condition of Hydroallantois.

(85-95% of cases)

A
  • Due to abnormal placentation
    • Excessive development of allantois fluid over 7-14 d. ⇒ rapid!!!
      • > 15 L & can be as high as 150 L
  • C.S.: Bilateral abdominal distention, dyspnea,
    anorexia, dehydration, constipation,
    rumen atony, recumbency & small fetus
  • Prognosis: Poor ⇒ slaughter cow
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43
Q

Describe the condition of Hydroamnios.

(5-15% of cases)

A
  • Excessive amniotic fluid (>5 L)
    • Malformed fetus ⇒ doesn’t swallow amnion
  • C.S: slow accumulation of fluid
  • Complications: RFM & metritis
  • Prognosis: Good ⇒ don’t use the same bull (fetal problem)
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44
Q

TX of hydroallantois?

A

Slaugther the dam

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45
Q

TX of Hydroamnois?

A
  • Induction of parturition
  • Draining/Modified C-section
  • Fluid manangement & TX shock
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46
Q

List the possible complications of Hydroallantois.

A
  • RFM
  • Metritis
  • Pre-pubic tendon rupture
  • Shock
  • Hernia
  • Coxo-femoral dislocation
47
Q

What is Fetal mummification?

A
  • Fetal death w/ a CLOSED cervix & a persistent CL
    • fetus remains trapped in utero & get completely dehydrated
  • Viral etiology
  • Often occurs in the 2nd trimester
  • Lack of O2
48
Q

DX & TX for Fetal mummification?

A
  • DX:
    • Anestrus or prolonged gestation
    • “Woody” fetus felt on rectal palpation
  • TX: PGF2a
  • Good prognosis; cow is not systemically ill
49
Q

What is Fetal maceration?

A
  • Regression of the CL ⇒ OPEN cervix ⇒ Bacteria gain excess & attack fetus
  • Foul smelling vaginal discharge
50
Q

DX & TX for Fetal maceration?

A
  • DX:
    • Foul vaginal discharge
    • Crepitant, bones felt on rectal palpation
  • TX:
    • Ineffective ⇒ Cull
51
Q

Why are Vaginal Prolapses a problem?

TX?

A
  • Are hereditary & often recur
  • Cull the dam after calving
52
Q

Vaginal prolapses always occur _______ calving & uterine prolapses always occur _______ calving.

A
  • VP ⇒ before calving
  • UP ⇒ after calving
53
Q

List the possible causes of Prepubic Tendon Rupture.

What are the C.S.?

A
  • Etiology:
    • Multiple feti
    • Hydrops (esp. hydroallantois
  • C.S.:
    • Loss of udder definition
    • Saw horse stance
54
Q

Why would you want to induce abortion &/or parturition?

A
  • Unwanted pregnancy ⇒ heifer
  • Avoid calf overgrowth (Belgian Blue)
  • Prevent excessive udder edema
  • Optimize pasture use
  • Availablity of labor
  • Terminal dz. in the dam
55
Q

What hormone can you use to induce labor up to 150 d. of paturition?

A

PGF2a

56
Q

What drugs do you use to induced labor in a cow that is between 150 - 250 d. of gestation?

A

Long-acting corticosteroid + PGF2a

57
Q

How do you induce parturition in a cow that is between 250-270 d. of gestation?

A

Long acting steroid followed 8 d. later by a short acting steroid or PGF2a

58
Q

How do you induce labor in a dam that is > 275 d. of gestation?

A

Any of the following:

  • PGF2a
  • Short acting steroid
  • Medium acting steroid
59
Q

What are some disadvantages of inducing labor in cattle?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • RFM
  • Poor colostrum production ⇒ calf is immunocompromised
60
Q

List some ABNORMAL caliving related disorders.

A
  • Uterine prolapse
  • RFM
  • Post-partum metritis
  • Milk fever
  • Mastitis
61
Q

Describe a Uterine Prolapse.

A
  • Invagination of the gravid horn through the vulva w/in 15 hrs. of calving
  • TX as an emergency
  • Usually doesn’t recur
  • Often associated w/ subclinical hypocalcemia
62
Q

How do you TX a Uterine Prolapse?

A
  • Wash it up ⇒ check it for tears ⇒ replace
    • Epidural anesthesia to control pain while replacing
    • Clenbuterol (Beta-2) ⇒ relaxes the uterus
    • Sugar or oxytocin ⇒ helps reduce the size of the uterus
  • Ca2+ borogluconate (for milk fever)
63
Q

Define Retained Fetal Membrane (RFM).

A

Failure to expel fetal membranes by 12 hrs. post-partum

64
Q

How do you TX RFM?

A
  • wait 4 days (can be left up to 10 d.)
  • ABXs ⇒ only if cow is ill
  • Monitor TPR & milk production
  • Extend VWP 90 days.

(Forced removal is contraindicated)

65
Q

C/S & TX of Endometritis?

A
  • Often are “repeat breeders” w/ insidious infertility
    • generally difficult to DX b/c ususally is sub-clinical
  • Will see milky (“Whites”) vaginal discharge
  • TX is controversial ⇒ Cephapirin (Metricure) or PGF2a if a CL is present
66
Q

Definition of a Pyometra?

A

Purulent material w/in the uterus + CL + closed cervix

67
Q

C/S of a Pyometra.

How do you TX it?

A
  • NO systemic illness
  • Rectal palpation:
    • Large, thick-walled uterus
    • CL present
    • Fluid filled uterine horn
  • U/S: fluid filled uterus
  • TX = PGF2a (repeat)
68
Q

What is Clinical Puerperal Metritis?

(Toxic metritis)

A
  • Occurs w/in 21 d. of calving
  • Involves ALL layer of the uterus
  • Systemic illness ⇒ decr. milk yield & signs of toxemia
  • Fetid watery, red-brown uterine discharge
  • + Fever
  • Enlarged thin-walled uterus
  • + RFM
69
Q

Give examples of “At-risk” cows.

A
  • Assisted/induced calvings
  • RFM
  • Metabolic diseases (i.e. Milk fever)
  • Vaginal discharge
70
Q

What is the only licensed IU product in Canada/EU/Australia?

A

Metricure

(active ingredient is Cephapirin)

71
Q

What is the best option for TXing uterine infections?

A

Prostaglandins + Metricure!

72
Q

Which nerve is damaged in Maternal Obstetrical Paralysis?

How do you TX?

A
  • Obturator nerve
  • TX:
    • Dexmethasone OR NSAIDs
    • Hobbles
    • Deep, soft bedding
    • Nursing care
73
Q

When has Failure of Passive Transfer occured in a calf?

A

Little to no colostrum is consumed in the first 24 hrs. of life

(Calf’s GIT track can no longer absord immunoglobulins by + 12-24 hrs)

74
Q

What are the 4 definitive signs of Pregnancy?

A

On rectal palpation, you feel:

  1. Fetus
  2. Amnoitic vesicle
  3. Fetal membrane slip
  4. Placentomes (cotyledons/caruncles)
75
Q

Which other signs are suggestive of pregnancy?

A

On rectal palaption, you note:

  • Asymmetry
  • Failure to retract the uterus
  • Presence of a CL
  • Fremitus (hypertrophy of middle uterine a.)
76
Q

When can you palpate the amniotic vessicle?

A

d. 35- 60 of gestation

77
Q

When can you feel the Fetal Membrane Slip?

A

> d. 34 of gestation

78
Q

What are some indirect methods for determining if a cow is pregnant?

A
  • P4 in milk or blood ⇒ 21-24 d.
  • Pregnancy specific proteins ⇒ 24 d.
  • Estrone sulphate ⇒ 105 d.
79
Q

When is gender determination possible in bovines?

A

best at ~ 8 wks.

(d. 55 - 90)

80
Q

Why is Embryo Transfer used?

A
  • Incr. # of progency from genetically superior dams
  • International trade
  • Freezing of embryos
  • Continue breeding from infertile dams
  • Dz. control
  • Polo clubs & mare breeding
81
Q

What is the criteria used for selecting donor cows for ET?

A
  1. Regular heat cycles commencing at a young age
  2. HX of no more than 2 breedings to conception
  3. Previous calves were born @ ~ 365 d. intervals
  4. No parturition difficultues or reproductive irregularities
  5. No conformational or detectable genetic defects
82
Q

Can cattle super-ovulate?

How many ovulations can they have?

A
  • Yes
  • Use FSH or eCG
  • > 10 viable eggs per ovulation
    • avgerage is 5 transferable embryos
83
Q

When are bovine embryos recovered for E.T.?

A

5-7 d. after breeding ⇒ morula, blastocyst stage

84
Q

How many cells are in a morula?

A

8-16 cell stage

85
Q

Where must the donor & recipient be in their cycle for successful ET?

A

Donor & Recipient must be w/in 12-24 hrs of each other in their respective estrous cycle

86
Q

What is used to remove viruses in ET?

A

Trypsin TX

87
Q

How can semen be sexed in the cattle industry?

A
  • Fluorescent staining ⇒ more DNA in X chromosomes
  • Flow cytometry ⇒ sort based on weight difference
88
Q

What is main problem with IVP derived calves?

A

Large calf syndrome

89
Q

Which hormones are involved in bovine parturition?

A
  • fetal corticoids ⇒ incre. 10-15 d. pre-partum
  • P4 ⇒ Estrogen
90
Q

Estrogen is produced by _______ & results in what?

A
  • By cotyledons
  • Luteolytic
  • Oxytocin receptors
  • Softening of the cervix
91
Q

Where does Relaxin come from?

What does it do?

A
  • CL/placenta
  • softens cervix & relaxation of pelvic ligaments
92
Q

Define abortion.

A

Expulsion of non-viable or dead fetus btwn d. 152-270 of gestation OR

the fetus survives < 24 hrs.

93
Q

Do veneral dz’s (Trich & Campy) typically cause EED or Abortion?

A

EED

94
Q

How do bacteria typically cause abortion?

A

Due to placentitis ⇒ causes abortion

95
Q

How do viruses typically cause abortion?

A
  • Generally infect the fetus directly:
    • Abortion
    • Teratogenic
  • Placenta is usually unaffected
96
Q

What samples would you need to collect if working up an abortion case in cattle?

A
  • Milk
  • Blood from dam
  • Fetal blood
  • Fetal stomach contents
  • Fetal organs
  • Placenta (if available)

(Be careful ⇒ Lots are zoonotic)

97
Q

List the top 5 commonly isolated organisms responsible for abortion.

A
  1. Trueperella pyogenes
  2. Bacillus spp.
  3. Listeriosis
  4. E. coli
  5. Lepotspirosis
98
Q

What is the major complaint of Campylobacteriosis?

A

Dramatic decreased in herd conception rates

99
Q

How is Brucella abortus transmitted?

A
  • Ingestion of aborted material or fetal membranes
  • Uterine discharge from affected dam
  • Milk
  • Conjunctiva
100
Q

When do abortions typically occur due to B. abortus?

A

> 5 months of gestation

101
Q

How do you DX Brucellosis?

A
  • Direct culture
  • IMH
102
Q

B. abortus causes _____________ lesions on the placenta.

A

Morocan leather lesions

103
Q

Which Brucellosis vax will not interact w/ serologic tests?

A

RB51 vaccine

104
Q

Which Lepto species is the biggest problem in the U.S?

Which animal spreads it?

A
  • L. pomona
  • From pigs
105
Q

When does abortion due to Lepto occur?

A

typically 7-9 months of gestation

(can be at any stage)

106
Q

When do abortions occur due to Listeriosis?

What does the placenta look like?

A
  • Last trimester
  • Yellow, gray necrotic foci on the cotyledons & fetus’s liver
107
Q

When does abortion due to IBR/IPV (BHV-1) occur?

A

> 4 months of gestation

108
Q

When will BVD cause EED?

A

Dam is infected < 100 d. of gestation

109
Q

When does BVD cause mummification, congenital defects + abortion & PI calves?

A

Damn becomes infected betwn d. 100- 150 of gestation

110
Q

When will infection w/ BVD lead to no significant disease?

A

Dam is infected > 150 d. of gestation

111
Q

How is Trichomoniasis spread?

A

Venereal transmission

112
Q

What is a mycotic cause of abortion?

A

Aspergillus

113
Q

What will the placenta look like if mycotic abortion occured?

A

Gross leathery appearance

114
Q

What are the 2 main reasons cows are culled?

A

Mastitis & subfertility

Theriogenology (8 decks)

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