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Cognition & Senses - wk 1 > the brainstem > Flashcards

the brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

the brainstem is home to how many cranial nerves

A

9 of 12 cranial nerves

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2
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles

A
  • corticcospinal
  • corticobulbar
  • corticopontine
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3
Q

basilar pons

A
  • pontine nuclei
  • transverse fibers of the pons
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4
Q

pyramids

A

longitudinal bundle of fibers: the corticospinal tract

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5
Q

the 4th ventricle overlies:

A

pons and medulla

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6
Q

what are the 3 main tracts that begin or end in the cord that course through the brainstem

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • dorsal column nuclei
  • corticospinal tract
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7
Q

what is the medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

coordinates eye and head movements

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8
Q

axons from the ____ nuclei project to the contralateral medial rectus motor neurons in the ____ nucleus

MLF

A

abducens; oculomotor

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9
Q

the MLF is also the route of descent for axons of the:

A

medial vestibulospinal tract

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10
Q

lesion in corticospinal tract

long tract

A

since a lesion in the BS is above the decussation: patient has spastic weakness contralateral and below the lesion (increase tone and increase reflexes)

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11
Q

lesion in medial lemniscus

long tract

A

since the ML contains crossed axons of the second neuron, a lesion will result in a loss of touch, vibtration, conscious proprioception contralateral

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12
Q

lesion in spinothalamic tract

long tract

A

crossed in cord - lesion results in a pain and temperature loss contralateral

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13
Q

what is the somatic motor function

A
  • pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts for posture and locomotion
  • gaze centers (PPRF) for coordination of eye movements, particularly horizontal gaze and saccades
  • central pattern generators that produce rhythmic signals to the muscles involved in breathing and swallowing
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14
Q

what does the cardiorespiratory center function do

A

neurons in the caudal part of the solitary nucleus respond to:

  • chemoreceptors that monitor levels of CO2 and O2 in the blood
  • baroreceptors that monitor changes in blood pressure
  • stretch receptors in the lungs
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15
Q

what does the pain modulation function do

A

part of descending pain modulation system that can block nociceptive inputs

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16
Q

what does the sleep and consciousness function do

A
  • reticular formation and small core nuclei in brainstem are part of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
  • this is a set of connected nuclei that are responsible for regulating wakefullness, sleep-wake transition and attention
  • maintains consciousness
17
Q

what systems does the sleep and consciousness function combine

A
  • cholinergic projection
  • melanin/orexin projection
  • hisatminergic projection
  • serotonergic projection
  • norepinephrine projection
18
Q

special efferent

A

fibers to skeletal muscle of branchiomeric origin - V, VII, IX, X, XI

19
Q

special afferent

A
  • fibers from the tongue, larynx, pharynx for taste - VII, IX, X
  • fibers from the cochlear and vestibular apparatus which mediate audition and balance - VII
20
Q

where are the efferent and afferent nuclei located in the brainstem

A

efferent are medial and afferent are lateral

21
Q

what are the 3 discontinuous colomns of motor nuclei

A
  • somatic efferent (skeletal muscle)
  • visceral efferent (preganlionic parasympathetic)
  • special efferent (skeletal muscle that develops in the branchial arches)
22
Q

what are the superior rectus and superior oblique

A

axons of motor neurons are crossed

23
Q

what cranial nerves are somatic efferents to skeletal muscle

A

CN III, IV, VI, XII

24
Q

what are the functions of the oculomotor cranial nerve III

A
  • move eyeball
  • elevate the eyelid
  • pupillary light reflex - constricts the pupil
25
Q

what are the dysfunctions of CN III - oculomotor

A
  • abduction and downward deviation of eye
  • drooping of the eyelid
  • dilated, non-reponsive pupil
26
Q

what muscles does the hyperglossal nerve (XII) innervate

A

ipsilateral tongue muscles

27
Q

what happens when there is damage to hypoglossal nucleus or nerve

A

the tongue deviates toward the damaged side

28
Q

what are the parasympathetic visceral efferents

A
  • nuc. of edineger westphal (III) pupil constriction near response
  • superior salivatory nuc. (VII) lacrimation
  • inferior salivatory nuc. (IX) parotid
29
Q

what are the branchial arch motor special efferents

A
  • motor nuc. of V: mastication
  • motor nuc. of VII: facial expression
  • nucleus ambiguus (IX, X): palate, pharynx, larynx muscles
30
Q

what is the solitary nucleus

A
  • taste (VII, IX, X) (SA)
  • (IX, X) (VA) cardiorespiratory center: carotid sinus, carotid body
31
Q

what are the functions of CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and equilibrium

32
Q

what are the dysfunctions of CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

A
  • deafness
  • loss of balance (ataxia, head tilt, falling/rolling to one side, nystagmus, stabismus)
33
Q

what are the 3 trigeminal nuclei

A
  • mesencephalic nucleus: proprioception
  • main, chief or principal nucleus: touch
  • spinal nucleus: pain and temperature
34
Q

where does CN V enter/exit

A

pons/ near main, chief or principal nucleus of CN VIII

Cognition & Senses - wk 1 (13 decks)

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