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Cognition & Senses - wk 1 > spinal cord > Flashcards

spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

each spinal cord segment gives rise to a pair of ____ ____ that are entering or exiting from that segment

A

spinal nerves

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2
Q

spinal cord ends below L1 vertebrae as the:

A

conus medullaris

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3
Q

lumbar and sacral nerves travel far before emerging from the vertebral column, this is called:

A

cauda equina

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4
Q

how many spinal cord segments are in the dog

A

36

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5
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion

A

contains somas of sensory afferents entering the cord

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6
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

sensory (somatic and visceral afferents)

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7
Q

what is the ventral root

A

motor (somatic and visceral efferents)

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8
Q

what are spinal nerves

A

mixed sensory and motor

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9
Q

what is grey matter

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axons

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10
Q

what is white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons organized into tracts or fasciculi (pathways)

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11
Q

what are the different fasiculi

A
  • dorsal funiculus (fasiculus gracilis, cuneatus)
  • lateral funiculus
  • ventral funiculus
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12
Q

where are there increased innervation segments in the spinal cord

A
  • cervical enlargement
  • lumbar enlargement
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13
Q

how do the different levels of spinal cords vary

A
  1. in size and shape
  2. in configuration of gray matter
  3. in relative amounts of gray and white matter
  4. white matter decreases from rostral to caudal
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14
Q

what are the divisions of gray matter

A
  • dorsal horn
  • intermediate gray
  • ventral horn
  • lateral horn
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15
Q

dorsal horn

A

mainly neurons responding to sensory input

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16
Q

intermediate gray

A

some sensory neurons, some motor neurons, interneurons

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17
Q

ventral horn

A

mainly motor neurons whose axons exit the spinal cord

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18
Q

lateral horn

A
  • T1-L2
  • cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • send axons out ventral root to innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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19
Q

what nerves innervate skeletal muscle

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons

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20
Q

what is a motor unit

A

one alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

21
Q

what is a motor neuron pool

A

the collection of alpha motor neurons that innervates a single muscle

22
Q

what specific types of neurons are in the vental horn

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle

23
Q

what type of neurons are in the intermediolateral cell column

A
  • visceral efferents
  • preganglionic sympathetic (lateral horn, T1-L2)
  • preganglionic parasympathetic (sacral level) neurons
24
Q

voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle requires an interaction of 2 neurons:

A
  • an upper motor neuron (UMN)
  • a lower motor neuron (LMN)
25
Q

neurons that synapse on striated muscle clinically referred to as:

A

lower motor neurons

26
Q

what is the function of the corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

A

voluntary refined movements of the distal extremities

27
Q

the corticospinal tract is in what area of the spinal cord

A

lateral funiculus

28
Q

descending spinal pathways from the brain do:

A
  • modulate spinal reflexes or directly drive motor output
  • clincially referred to as “upper motor neurons”
  • especially corticospinal tract
29
Q

lateral pathways

A
  • voluntary movement of distal musculature
  • under direct cortical control
  • innervate distal musculature
30
Q

ventromedial pathways

A
  • control of posture, locomotion, orienting and balance
  • under brainstem control
  • innervate axial and proximal musculature
31
Q

sensory afferents entering the dorsal roots are segregated according to degree of myelination, conduction velocity and ____ ____

A

sensory submodality

32
Q

dorsal column-medial lemniscal system

A

a 3 neuron path that carries proprioception (limb position sense) fine touch, pressure and vibratory sense to the cortex

33
Q

first neuron of the DC-ML

A

large myelinated axons of dorsal roots that carry proprioception and touch modalities into the cord

34
Q

axon collaterals of the heavily myelinated afferents enter:

A

dorsal columns

35
Q

2nd neuron in ____ medulla axon crosses in medulla

DC-ML

A

ipsilateral

36
Q

fasiculus gracilis

body map

A

hindlimb - S,L

37
Q

fasiculus cuneatus

body map

A

forelimb - T,C

38
Q

what are the 2 dorsal column nuclei

A
  • nucleus gracilis
  • nucleus cuneatus
39
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

a 3 neuron pathway that carries pain and temperature sensations to the cortex

40
Q

first neuron of spinothalamic tract

A
  • small diameter axons of dorsal roots that carry pain and temperature modalities into the cord
  • all synapse with sensory neruons in the dorsal horn
41
Q

2nd neuron in spinothalamic tract

A
  • in ipsilateral spinal spinal cord
  • axon crosses in the cord ascends contralaterally
42
Q

spinocerebellar systems

A

convey unconscious proprioception to ipsilateral cerebellum

43
Q

dorsal spinocerebellar

A

lower limb (1) -> clarke’s nucelus (2)

44
Q

cuneocerebellar tract

A

upper limb (1) -> accessory cuneate nucelus (2)

45
Q

pathways to neocortex for conscious proprioception/touch/pain/temp

A
  • dorsal column - medial lemniscal tract (proprioception/touch/vibration/pressure)
  • spinorthalamic tract (pain/temperature)
46
Q

pathways to the cerebellum for unconscious proprioception

A
  • dorsal spinocerebellar tract
  • cuneocerebellar tract
47
Q

parallel pathways of ascending information

A

somatosensory input is split into separate submodalities and carried up to brain on separate paths

48
Q

if there is a meisection of spinal cord T10 what occurs

A
  • contralateral loss of pain and temperature (ascending, crossed spinothalamic tract)
  • ipsilateral loss of vibration, proprioception, light, touch, below lesion (ascending uncrossed fibers in dorsal columns)
  • ipsilateral impaired motor function below lesion, increased tendon reflexes (UMN) (descending corticospinal tract, already crossed)

Cognition & Senses - wk 1 (13 decks)

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