brain organization overview Flashcards
what are the 3 components of the brain that all mammalians share and what are the differences
- cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem
- gyri and sulci are different
what are the 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
what does the subarachnoid space contain
- CSF
- blood vessels
what are ventricles
CSF-filled caverns and canals inside brain
what is CSF
- produced by choroid plexus in ventricles
- protects brain - cushions it
- contains circulating hormones
what is the choroid plexus
- specialized tissue in ventricles that produces CSF
- capillary network surrounded by epithelial cells
CSF circulates through ventricles and out into ____ ____
subarachnoid space
CSF is reabsorbed in ____ ____ and ____ into venous sinuses
arachnoid villi and granulations
the CNS forms from the walls of a fluid-filled ____ ____
neural tube
what are the 5 major divisions of the brain
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
lateral ventricles are associated with:
the telencephalon
the third ventricle is associated with
diencephalon
the cerebral aquaduct is associated with
mesencephalon (midbrain)
the fourth ventricle is associated with
- metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
- mylencephalon (medulla)
what does the spinal cord do
- carries motor information from the brain to the periphery
- carries sensory input from the periphery to the brain
- mediates reflexes for body
efferent and afferent (motor or sensory)
motor; sensory
what is the brainstem composed of
- myelencephalon (medulla)
- metencephalon (pons)
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
in the spinal cord and medulla where are the afferent and efferent nuclei
spinal cord
- afferent is dorsal (alar plate) and efferent is ventral (basal plate)
medulla
- afferent is lateral and efferent is medial
how is each cranial nerve identified
- by both a name and a number; the number is always written as roman numeral
- can be SE, VE, SA, or SE and some can carry info from special senses - special afferents
what is the medulla
- contains many cranial nerve associated nuclei
- ascending and descending tracts
- regulates involuntary funcitons that are essential to life
- breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
what is the pons
- many cranial nerve nuclei
- other nuclei: arousal, eye movements
- ascending and descending tracts
- relays signals between cerebrum and cerebellum
what is the cerebellum
mini brain for computing skilled movements and motor learning
what do ponteine nuclei do
project motor signals between cerebrum and cerebellum for “error correction” and motor learning
damage to cerebellum results in:
intention tremors
what are the two parts of the mesencephalon
- tecum (roof)
- tegmentum (floor)
what is the tectum mesencephalon
- superior collicus (visual orienting and eye movements)
- inferior colliculus (auditory pathway)
- pupillary light reflex
what is the tegmentum mesencephalon
- motor related nuclei
- also contains substantia nigra and cerebral peduncles
what does the diencephalon include
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- subthalamus
- hypothalamus
what is the thalamus
- large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing
- projects information to the cortex
what is the hypothalamus
- located just inferior to the thalamus
- a collection of nuclei involved in regulating homeostasis
what does the hypothalamus control
- motivated behavior (feeding, drinking, sexual behavior)
- endocrine system (hormones)
- autonomic nervous system
what are the 3 activities of the thalamus and neocortex
- sustain consciousness
- provides you with your senses: vision, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, smell
- most of your conscious acts takes place in the thalamocortical/corticothalamic connections
what does the cerebral cortex consist of
lobes refered to as frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and primiform lobes
what is the purpose of gyri and sulci
to maximize surface area
what does the limbic system control
- emotions/affect
- learning and memory
- behavior
- olfaction
what are the two jobs of the basal ganglia
- selection and initiation of willed movements
- motor learning
