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PSY108 > The brain, neurons, drugs and disease CM > Flashcards

The brain, neurons, drugs and disease CM Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system consists of two major subdivisions, , the ____ and the____nervous system

A
  1. central (CNS)

2. peripheral (PNS)

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2
Q

the____ consists of the brain and _____

A
  1. CNS

2. Spinal cord

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3
Q

the ____ consists of the spinal cord and cranial ____ outside of the CNS.

A
  1. PNS

2. nerves

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4
Q

the principle cellular unit of the nervous system is the _____

A

neuron

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5
Q

how many neurons are there approximately in an ‘average’ brain?

A

100 billion

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6
Q

how many synaptic connections are there between the neurons in the brain? approx.

A

0.15 quadrillion

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7
Q

Labels of a neuron

A 
Dendrite
Soma
Nucleus
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath 
Schwann Cell
Axon terminal
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8
Q

Ions are _____ that are important for determining the difference in _______ between the inside and outside that all cells need to ______

A
  1. Charged particles
  2. Electrical charge
  3. function
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9
Q

neurotransmitter _____ cross the synapse and ____ to _____ on the postsynaptic ______

A
  1. molecules
  2. bind
  3. receptors
  4. membrane
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10
Q

in the synapse, when neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors, this causes….

A

ion channels to open in the postsynaptic neuron

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11
Q

______ of ions causes changes in ____ of inside relative to outside of the neuron

A
  1. Influx/ Efflux

2. Voltage

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12
Q

In the Axon hillock, the voltage changes _____ from point of origin

A

Spread away

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13
Q

Whether action potential is generated depends on….

A

size of the voltage change reaching the axon hillock

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14
Q

an action potential travels from the ______, along the length of the ____, to the _________

A
  1. Axon hillock
  2. Axon
  3. terminal buttons
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15
Q

______ provides electrical insulation of the neuron- prevents ‘cross talk’ across ____ and loss of ____

A
  1. Myelin
  2. neurons
  3. signal
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16
Q

Myelin speeds up the _____ of the AP, it effectively jumps from one ________ to the next.

A
  1. relay

2. Node of Ranvier

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17
Q

As long as the ____ travels from one end of the axon to the other, no information is lost in ________

A
  1. Action potential

2. Conduction

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18
Q

What is the neurolemma?

A

A thin plasma membrane surrounding the neuron

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19
Q

when the neuron is at rest, what charge does the inside of the neurolemma have?

A

negative charge

20
Q

What is the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)?

A

the charge inside the neurolemma

21
Q

What is the RMP amount?

A

-70mV

22
Q

What is the neuron when it has a RMP of -70mV?

A

polarised

23
Q

the AP is a wave of__________ that travels along the axon

A

depolarisation

24
Q

Particles carrying an electrical charge =

A

Ions

25
Q

___________ of the neurolemma

A

Selective permeability

26
Q

___________ of ions along concentration gradient

A

Passive diffusion

27
Q

attraction/repulsion of charges=

A

Electrostatic pressure

28
Q

_______ of ions across neurolemma

A

Active Transport

29
Q

What does Active transport do?

A

it uses energy to transport ions against concentration gradient

30
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

31
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

32
Q

What are sodium ions when the neuron is at rest?

A

More highly concentrated on the outside of the neuron

33
Q

the membrane is fairly ______ to sodium ions

A

impermeable

34
Q

_______ and ______ forces push sodium ions into the neuron when it is at rest, a few ‘leak’ into the neuron

A
  1. Electrostatic

2. Diffusion

35
Q

What are potassium ions when the neuron is at rest?

A

more highly concentrated on the inside of the neuron

36
Q

the membrane is fairly_______ to potassium ions

A

permeable

37
Q

A little ‘net’ _____ force push potassium ions out of the neuron, causing a small ‘leak’.

A

diffusion

38
Q

What are chlorine ions when the neuron is at rest?

A

more highly concentrated on the outside of the neuron

39
Q

the membrane is fairly______ to chlorine ions

A

permeable

40
Q

______ and _______ forces roughly _____ out chlorine ions

A
  1. Electrostatic
  2. Diffusion
  3. Balance
41
Q

there is little _____ at rest for chlorine ions

A

movement

42
Q

Big negatively charged ______ ions are stuck ____ the ion

A
  1. Protein

2. Inside

43
Q

Protein ions contribute a lot to the resting ___________ of the inside of the neuron

A

negative charge

44
Q

the membrane potential is a balancing act of _______ and ____________

A
  1. membrane permeability

2. ion concentrations

45
Q

Disrupting the balance of membrane permeability and ion concentration in a neuron can initiate an ______

A

action potential

46
Q

neurotransmitters change…

A

membrane permeability

PSY108 (10 decks)

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