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PSY108 > Sexual conflict and Sexual selection PO > Flashcards

Sexual conflict and Sexual selection PO Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction involves

A

gamete formation (egg and sperm)

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2
Q

Characteristics of a sperm?

A

small, unlimited and ‘cheap’ to produce

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3
Q

Characteristics of an egg?

A

large, relatively scarce and cost a lot to produce

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4
Q

sexual reproduction involving sperm and egg is called?

A

Anisogamous sexual reproduction

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5
Q

What is there an asymmetry of between males and females when looking at rearing offspring?

A

Parental investment and Parental effort

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6
Q

What is parental investment?

A

effort put into rearing an individual offspring

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7
Q

What is parental effort? (PE)

A

effort put into rearing all offspring produced during lifetime

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8
Q

What does the asymmetry between parenting roles lead to?

A

sexual conflict

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9
Q

What do differential PE lead to?

A

differential ideal strategies to maximise reproductive success.

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10
Q

Where male PE is lower… they should?

A

maximise reproductive success by ruthless promiscuity

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11
Q

What are harems?

A

wives of a polygamous male

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12
Q

Why should females be choosy and coy when choosing mate?

A

to offset high cost of reproduction

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13
Q

What roles do females and males have when choosing mate?

A

Females will do choosing, males will compete for access to female

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14
Q

What will females mainly invest in?

A

PE

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15
Q

What will males mainly invest in?

A

ME = Mating effort - acquiring mates

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16
Q

Define Monogamy

A

M and F form exclusive pair bond

17
Q

Define Polygyny

A

M mates with several Fs

18
Q

Define Polyandry

A

F mates with several Ms

19
Q

Polygyny + Polyandry =

A

Polygamy

20
Q

If PE is equal =

A

more equal ME

21
Q

If PE is unequal =

A

less equal ME

22
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

‘the decent of man and selection in relation to sex’

23
Q

Females being choosy and males being competitive for access to females leads to….

A

selection of traits solely concerned with increasing mating success

24
Q

Two types of sexual selection:

A

Intrasexual selection and Intersexual selection

25
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Where Ms compete for access to Fs, those best equipped to win will pass on their genes to next generation.

26
Q

What can Intrasexual selection lead to?

A

Tusks, antlers, claws, large muscles and large teeth

27
Q

Intrasexual selection leads to ________, M becomes a _______

A
  1. dimorphism

2. fighting machine

28
Q

Example of effects of intrasexual selection?

A

Red deer stag, compete for Fs, strongest stags command largest harems, led to sexual dimorphism, M more bulky than F, M possesses antlers (employed in aggressive, interlocked fights)

29
Q

Example of intrasexual selection, after copulation?

A

Black winged damsel fly, F may mate with several Ms prior to laying eggs, M developed ability to remove existing sperm from F sperm storage organ, Ms penis has lateral horns and spines, scrubs out competitor’s sperm prior to release of own sperm

30
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

reluctant females will show preference to males who show clear evidence of material resources and/or ‘better’ genes.

31
Q

Example of material resources in intersexual selection?

A

Hanging flies, F hanging flies will mate with a M only if provides large insect to eat during copulation. Allowed duration of copulation is relative to insect size.

32
Q

Example of genetic benefits in intersexual selection?

A

genetic benefits may underlie development of elaborate adornments

33
Q

Case study on genetic benefits (Widow bird, Kenya)

A

M = sparrow sized with up to 50cm tail, F prefer M with longer tail, Andersson studied 36 M widow birds.
4 groups: shortened tail, elongated tail, control 1 (untouched) control 2(cut and repaired tail). Mating success measured as number of active nests in territory.
Long tailed Ms did better than controls or short tailed.

34
Q

What is Fishers hypothesis of the ‘runaway process’? (Widow bird case)

A

starts with preference for Ms with increased flying ability, get positive feedback between Fs, and longer tails. yet not optimal for flying purposes.

35
Q

What is Zahavi’s handicap hypothesis?

A

Elaborate adornments= handicap in day to day survival. Demonstrated Ms ability to survive in spite of handicap.

36
Q

Only healthy animals will show fully developed secondary ______________ (include adornments)

A

sexual characteristics

37
Q

Adornments are a sign of?

A

sign of health

38
Q

intersexual selection not only leads to elaborate adornments , but also to ________ and ________

A
  1. courtship displays

2. rituals

PSY108 (10 decks)

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