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PSY108 > Axonal Neurotransmission CM > Flashcards

Axonal Neurotransmission CM Flashcards

1
Q

4 different neuron types

A

Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron

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2
Q

What is a synaptic transmission

A

Integration/processing of input at a single neuron

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3
Q

What is an axonal transmission

A

Transmission of information from location A to location B

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4
Q

What is the most common disease of the nervous system among young adults

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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5
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Slerosis

A 
Uncontrolled eye movement
Slurred speech
Partial/complete paralysis
Tremor
Loss of Co-ordination
Weakness
Sensory numbness. prickling, pain
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6
Q

What is the prognosis of MS?

A

Initial symptoms with slight remission, becomes more numerous, severe and frequent

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7
Q

Why is MS difficult to diagnose?

A
  1. person doesnt go to doctor
  2. other diseases have similar symptoms
  3. no current laboratory test
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8
Q

Who can get MS?

A

young adults 20-40
more women than men
temperate zones
Areas of high standards of sanitation

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9
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

the signal used ny neurones to transmit information between different spatial locations

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10
Q

give two substances that are electrically charged +ve and -ve that cross readily

A

potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-)

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11
Q

Name a substance that crosses the neuron with difficulty

A

Sodium (Na+)

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12
Q

Name a substance that does not cross the neuron at all

A

large organic proteins (-ve charge)

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13
Q

Define diffusion

A

the force driving molecules to move to areas of lower concentration

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14
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

ions move according to charge,- like ions repel and unlike attract

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15
Q

A protein ion is called?

A

anion (A-)

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16
Q

How does the sodium-potassium pump work?

A

it is an active process to transport Na+ ions out of neuron and K+ ions in
Three Na+ ions for every two K+ ions
It requires energy supplied by ATP

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17
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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18
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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19
Q
  1. (starting an action potential)

Neurotransmitters activate receptors on ____/_____

A

dendrites

soma

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20
Q
  1. (Starting an action potential)

Receptors open ____ channels

A

ion

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21
Q
  1. (Starting an action potential)

Ions cross ______, changing the ________

A
  1. plasma membrane

2. membrane potential

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22
Q
  1. (starting an action potential)

The potential changes spread though the _____

23
Q
  1. (starting an action potential)

if the potential changes felt at the ________ are _______ (+mV), and ______ enough, an action potential is triggered.

A
  1. axon hillock
  2. positive
  3. large
24
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters ______ the cell membrane

A

depolarise

25
depolarising the cell membrane increases what?
the probability of an action potential being elicited
26
depolarising a cell membrane increases probability of an action potential which causes what?
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
27
EPSP=
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
28
what type of neurotransmitters depolarise the cell membrane?
Excitatory
29
Inhibitory neurotransmitters ______ the cell membrane
hyperpolarise
30
hyperpolarising the cell membrane decreases what?
the probability of an action potential being elicited
31
hyperpolarising a cell membrane decreases probability of an action potential which causes what?
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
32
IPSP=
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
33
what type of neurotransmitters hyperpolarise the cell membrane?
Inhibitory
34
An action potential will be elicited if the membrane potential is depolarised beyond the ________
threshold of excitation
35
What is passive conduction in relation to postsynaptic potentials?
Voltage changes spread away decrementally from point of origin.
36
Why is Ouabain used in poison arrows?
it selectively blocks the sodium/potassium pump
37
How is Ouabain used in neuroscience today?
treatment of heart failure in small doses
38
How are voltage changes caused?
by the opening and closing of ion chambers
39
why is action potential self perpetuating?
because the voltage changes control the ion channels which control the voltage changes
40
Where is Lidocaine widely used?
in local anaesthetics
41
What does Lidocaine do?
Blocks voltage gated sodium ion channels Stops APs immediately (It is on WHO list of worlds essential medicines)
42
What does Myelination do?
greatly speeds up axonal conduction
43
What is Saltatory conduction?
decremental conduction between nodes, re-boosted each time, very fast along axon, occurs in most CNS neurons.
44
Why does the breakdown of myelin affect the transmission of messages?
Degeneration of myelin and development of scar tissue disrupts and eventually blocks neurotransmission along myelinated axons.
45
When the action potential reaches the terminal button, what does the AP cause?
The voltage gated ion channels to open
46
when the AP reaches the terminal button, and the ion channels open, what do the influx of calcium ions cause?
exocytosis
47
What do a few vesicles undergo for each single action potential ?
exocytosis
48
When a neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft, what does it do?
it diffuses
49
what do the receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron do?
it binds the neurotransmitter
50
What is transmitter re-uptake of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
Some neurotransmitters are transported back into the pre or postsynaptic terminal for reuse.
51
name two neurotransmitters that are reuptaken in the pre or postsynaptic terminal
serotonin | noradrenaline
52
What is Enzymatic Degradation?
when some neurotransmitters are broken down in the cleft by enzymes
53
What is ACh broken down by? and what does this cause?
acetylcholinesterase | it becomes inactive
54
The neurotransmitter would remain in the synapse if it wasn't for...
1. simple re-uptake 2. enzymatic degradation 3. diffusion out of cleft

PSY108 (10 decks)

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