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PSY108 > Axonal Neurotransmission CM > Flashcards

Axonal Neurotransmission CM Flashcards

1
Q

4 different neuron types

A

Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron

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2
Q

What is a synaptic transmission

A

Integration/processing of input at a single neuron

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3
Q

What is an axonal transmission

A

Transmission of information from location A to location B

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4
Q

What is the most common disease of the nervous system among young adults

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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5
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Slerosis

A 
Uncontrolled eye movement
Slurred speech
Partial/complete paralysis
Tremor
Loss of Co-ordination
Weakness
Sensory numbness. prickling, pain
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6
Q

What is the prognosis of MS?

A

Initial symptoms with slight remission, becomes more numerous, severe and frequent

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7
Q

Why is MS difficult to diagnose?

A
  1. person doesnt go to doctor
  2. other diseases have similar symptoms
  3. no current laboratory test
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8
Q

Who can get MS?

A

young adults 20-40
more women than men
temperate zones
Areas of high standards of sanitation

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9
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

the signal used ny neurones to transmit information between different spatial locations

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10
Q

give two substances that are electrically charged +ve and -ve that cross readily

A

potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-)

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11
Q

Name a substance that crosses the neuron with difficulty

A

Sodium (Na+)

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12
Q

Name a substance that does not cross the neuron at all

A

large organic proteins (-ve charge)

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13
Q

Define diffusion

A

the force driving molecules to move to areas of lower concentration

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14
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

ions move according to charge,- like ions repel and unlike attract

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15
Q

A protein ion is called?

A

anion (A-)

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16
Q

How does the sodium-potassium pump work?

A

it is an active process to transport Na+ ions out of neuron and K+ ions in
Three Na+ ions for every two K+ ions
It requires energy supplied by ATP

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17
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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18
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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19
Q
  1. (starting an action potential)

Neurotransmitters activate receptors on ____/_____

A

dendrites

soma

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20
Q
  1. (Starting an action potential)

Receptors open ____ channels

A

ion

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21
Q
  1. (Starting an action potential)

Ions cross ______, changing the ________

A
  1. plasma membrane

2. membrane potential

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22
Q
  1. (starting an action potential)

The potential changes spread though the _____

A

cell

23
Q
  1. (starting an action potential)

if the potential changes felt at the ________ are _______ (+mV), and ______ enough, an action potential is triggered.

A
  1. axon hillock
  2. positive
  3. large
24
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters ______ the cell membrane

A

depolarise

25
Q

depolarising the cell membrane increases what?

A

the probability of an action potential being elicited

26
Q

depolarising a cell membrane increases probability of an action potential which causes what?

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

27
Q

EPSP=

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

28
Q

what type of neurotransmitters depolarise the cell membrane?

A

Excitatory

29
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ______ the cell membrane

A

hyperpolarise

30
Q

hyperpolarising the cell membrane decreases what?

A

the probability of an action potential being elicited

31
Q

hyperpolarising a cell membrane decreases probability of an action potential which causes what?

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

32
Q

IPSP=

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

33
Q

what type of neurotransmitters hyperpolarise the cell membrane?

A

Inhibitory

34
Q

An action potential will be elicited if the membrane potential is depolarised beyond the ________

A

threshold of excitation

35
Q

What is passive conduction in relation to postsynaptic potentials?

A

Voltage changes spread away decrementally from point of origin.

36
Q

Why is Ouabain used in poison arrows?

A

it selectively blocks the sodium/potassium pump

37
Q

How is Ouabain used in neuroscience today?

A

treatment of heart failure in small doses

38
Q

How are voltage changes caused?

A

by the opening and closing of ion chambers

39
Q

why is action potential self perpetuating?

A

because the voltage changes control the ion channels which control the voltage changes

40
Q

Where is Lidocaine widely used?

A

in local anaesthetics

41
Q

What does Lidocaine do?

A

Blocks voltage gated sodium ion channels
Stops APs immediately
(It is on WHO list of worlds essential medicines)

42
Q

What does Myelination do?

A

greatly speeds up axonal conduction

43
Q

What is Saltatory conduction?

A

decremental conduction between nodes, re-boosted each time, very fast along axon, occurs in most CNS neurons.

44
Q

Why does the breakdown of myelin affect the transmission of messages?

A

Degeneration of myelin and development of scar tissue disrupts and eventually blocks neurotransmission along myelinated axons.

45
Q

When the action potential reaches the terminal button, what does the AP cause?

A

The voltage gated ion channels to open

46
Q

when the AP reaches the terminal button, and the ion channels open, what do the influx of calcium ions cause?

A

exocytosis

47
Q

What do a few vesicles undergo for each single action potential ?

A

exocytosis

48
Q

When a neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft, what does it do?

A

it diffuses

49
Q

what do the receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron do?

A

it binds the neurotransmitter

50
Q

What is transmitter re-uptake of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?

A

Some neurotransmitters are transported back into the pre or postsynaptic terminal for reuse.

51
Q

name two neurotransmitters that are reuptaken in the pre or postsynaptic terminal

A

serotonin

noradrenaline

52
Q

What is Enzymatic Degradation?

A

when some neurotransmitters are broken down in the cleft by enzymes

53
Q

What is ACh broken down by? and what does this cause?

A

acetylcholinesterase

it becomes inactive

54
Q

The neurotransmitter would remain in the synapse if it wasn’t for…

A
  1. simple re-uptake
  2. enzymatic degradation
  3. diffusion out of cleft

PSY108 (10 decks)

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