The Brain Intro

Question 1

The principal cellular elements of the nervous system are…

Answer 1

Neurons and glial cells

Question 2

The 6 major categories of Neurons

Answer 2

(1) Sensory
(2) Motor
(3) Preganglionic autonomic
(4) Postganglionic autonomic
(5) Local Interneurons
(6) Projection

Question 3

The general neuron structures (4)

Answer 3

(1) Multipolar
(2) Bipolar neuron
(3) Pseudo-unipolar neuron
(4) Unipolar-neuron

Question 4

The principal glial cells of the PNS

Answer 4

Schwann cells

Question 5

The principal glial cells of the CNS

Answer 5

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia

Question 6

What myelinates the CNS cells?

Answer 6

Oligodendrocytes.

***NOTE: Not all CNS axons are myelinated. Nor are all PNS axons.

Question 7

What cells provide structural and metabolic support to neurons in the CNS?

Answer 7

Astrocytes

Question 8

What cells line the ventricles in the CNS?

Answer 8

Ependymal

Question 9

What cells respond to CNS injury?

Answer 9

Microglial

Question 10

Where does the long axis of the CNS bend?

Answer 10

The Cephalic flexure

Question 11

Lobes of the brain and their functions

Answer 11

Each cerebral hemisphere includes a:

FRONTAL LOBE: contains motor areas
PARIETAL LOBE: contains somatosensory areas
TEMPORAL LOBE: contains auditory areas
OCCIPITAL LOBE: contains visual areas
LIMBIC LOBE: contains memory and basic emotions. Interconnected with other limbic structures buried in the temporal lobe

Question 12

The Insula

Answer 12

Location of social emotions, moral intuition etc. Also reads body states like hunger and craving (including craving for drugs).

Question 13

Location of the Insula

Answer 13

Hidden deep in the lateral or Sylvian fissure by parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

Question 14

The specific section of the brain which includes the Thalamus and the Hypothalmus.

Answer 14

Diencephalon

Question 15

General thalamus function

Answer 15

Convey information to the cerebral cortex

Question 16

General hypothalamus function

Answer 16

Autonomic nervous system control

Question 17

Common shape for many parts of the cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 17

C-shaped

Question 18

Describe the ventricles of the brain.

Answer 18

A series of interconnected, fluid-filled spaces that lie in the core of the forebrain and brainstem. Although they have no unique function (OTHER THAN CSF TRANSPORT), they can be used to provide a useful guide to location.

Question 19

Main structures forming C-shape around/near the thalamus.

Answer 19

• Lentiform nucleus (Putamen + globus pallidus)
• Caudate nucleus
• Amygdaloid body
• Stria terminalis

AKA BASAL GANGLIA +amygdaloid and stria terminalis

Question 20

Name for the cerebral white matter

Answer 20

Arbor vitae aka “Tree of Life”

Question 21

Precentral gyrus

Answer 21

FRONTAL LOBE

Voluntary movement of muscles o body and head region.

Question 22

Premotor region

Answer 22

FRONTAL LOBE

Aids and integrates voluntary movements of body

Question 23

Frontal eye fields

Answer 23

FRONTAL LOBE

Controls voluntary horizontal movement of the eyes.

Question 24

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 24

FRONTAL LOBE

Intellectual functions; affective processes

Question 25

Broca’s motor speech area

Answer 25

FRONTAL LOBE

Regulates motor aspects of speech

Question 26

Postcentral gyrus

Answer 26

PARIETAL LOBE

Conscious perception of somesthetic sensation

Question 27

Wernicke’s area

Answer 27

PARIETAL LOBE

Receptive integration of speech

Question 28

Superior parietal lobule

Answer 28

PARIETAL LOBE

Integration of sensory and motor functions; programming mechanism for motor responses.

Question 29

Superior temporal gyrus

Answer 29

TEMPORAL LOBE

Auditory perception

Question 30

Middle temporal gyrus

Answer 30

TEMPORAL LOBE

Detection of moving objects

Question 31

Inferior temporal gyrus

Answer 31

TEMPORAL LOBE

Recognition of faces

Question 32

Upper/ Lower Banks of calcarine sulcus

Answer 32

OCCIPTAL LOBE

Visual perception

Question 33

Lateral, third and fourth ventricles and cerebral aqueduct

Answer 33

VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

Flow of CSF throughout the CNS: a source of electrolytes and conduit of neuroactive and metabolic products

Question 34

Basal Ganglia (components + functioning)

Answer 34

(1) Caudate nucleus
(2) Putamen
(3) Globus pallidus
(4) Subthalamic nucleus
(5) Substantia nigra

Regulation of motor functions associated with cerebral cortex

Question 35

Thalmic nuclei

Answer 35

THALAMUS

Transmission of signals from other regions of the CNS to the cerebral cortex mediating sensory, motor, cognitive and affective (emotional) functions

Question 36

Hypothalmic nuclei

Answer 36

HYPOTHALAMUS

Visceral (feeding, drinking, autonomic, and endocrine functions and sexual and emotional behavior)

Question 37

Hippocampal formation; amygdala; septal area; cingulate gyrus; prefrontal cortex.

Answer 37

LIMBIC STRUCTURES

Modulation of hypothalamic functions; regulation of emotional behavior; short-term memory.

Question 38

Cerebellum; anterior, posterior ad flocculonodular lobes

Answer 38

CEREBELLUM

Integration of motor functions related to all regions of the CNS associated with motor and related processes

Question 39

Midbrain

Answer 39

BRAINSTEM

Transmission and regulation of sensory, motor and autonomic functions (CN III and IV)

Question 40

Pons

Answer 40

BRAINSTEM

Transmission and regulation of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions (CN V, VI and VII)

Question 41

Medulla

Answer 41

BRAINSTEM

Transmission and regulation of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions (CN VIII, IX, X, and XII)