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MHD2 Neuro > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

It has conduit, cranial nerve and integrative functions.

(1) CONDUIT- acts like a “pipe” to transfer info from the brain to the spinal cord and back.
(2) CRANIAL NERVE- the brainstem takes care of the sensory and motor functions for the head. The spinal cord does this function for the body
(3) INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS- reticular formation controls maintenance of consciousness

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2
Q

Unique features of the medulla.

A
  • It has Pyramids, olives and is underneath about half of the 4th ventricle.
  • Affiliated with the inferior cerebellar peduncles
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3
Q

Unique features of the pons.

A
  • Has the basal pons which hangs down
  • Affiliated with the middle cerebellar peduncles
  • Found underneath part of the 4th ventricle
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4
Q

Unique features of the midbrain

A
  • Affiliated with the superior cerebellar peduncles
  • Affiliated with the cerebral peduncles
  • Has the superior and inferior colliculi (2 superior, 2 inferior)
  • Has cerebral aqueduct aka aqueduct of sylvius
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5
Q

How man cerebellar peduncles? How many cerebral?

A

3 cerebellar

1 cerebral

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6
Q

Where does the brainstem live?

A

It lives in the POSTERIOR FOSSA, which is composed of:

FLOOR- The occiput and some temporal bone

ROOF- tentorium cerebelli (sheet of dura)

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7
Q

What does fossa does CN III exit?

A

The interpeduncular fossa

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8
Q

Part of medulla which is not under the 3rd ventricle.

A

Closed medulla. Also known as caudal.

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9
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

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10
Q

Superior colliculi general function? Inferior?

A

SUPERIOR- Vision

INFERIOR- Hearing

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11
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle is associated with the…

A

Midbrain

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12
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle is associated with the…

A

Pons

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13
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle is associated with the…

A

Medulla

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14
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle is the largest one?

A

Middle

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15
Q

Cerebellar peduncles are also known as…

A

Feet of the cerebellum. These are white fibers going to the cerebellum.

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16
Q

Which peduncle(s) are all afferent to the cerebellum?

A

Middle and Inferior

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17
Q

Which peduncle(s) are efferent from the cerebellum?

A

Superior– except for the ventral spinal cerebellar tract, which enters the cerebellum

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18
Q

“Slo-Aim”

A

SLO:
The SUPERIOR colliculi, talk to the LATERAL geniculate, which is dealing with OPTIC functions.

AIM:
The AUDITORY system uses the INFERIOR colliculi which communicate with the MEDIAL geniculate

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19
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Attach to the midbrain and connect the cerebrum with the brainstem and thus the spinal cord.

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20
Q

What is something most peduncles, both cerebral and cerebellar, have in common?

A

They consist of fibers which are mostly white matter (myelinated)

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21
Q

What does the olive of the medulla do?

A

Connects the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum.

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22
Q

What makes up the pyramids of the medulla?

A

They consists of pyramidal tract fibers of the CST. They decussate as the medulla becomes the spinal cord.

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23
Q

The 4th ventricle sits…

A

above the medulla and below the cerebellum

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24
Q

4th ventricle openings

A

Inferiorly (2)- The obex opens into the central canal

Superiorly (2)- The aqueduct of sylvius opens into it

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25
Q

What is the big nerve coming out of the Pons?

A

CN V

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26
Q

Cisterna magnum

A

Reflection of arachnoid where CSF can gather and then flow all over the CNS

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27
Q

What is significant about CN IV

A

It is the only CN to cross and come from the dorsum of the brainstem

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28
Q

Where does CN VI come from in relation to the brainstem?

A

The ponto-medullary juncture

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29
Q

Arbor vitae are associated with the…

A

Cerebellum

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30
Q

The 4th ventricle is what shape from above?

A

Diamond shaped

31
Q

What is lateral to the 3rd ventricle?

A

The thalamus (one on either side)

32
Q

What is the other name for the 4 colliculi?

A

Tectum

33
Q

Mossy Fibers

A

Fibers which come from the pons and cross and go through the middle cerebellar peduncles

34
Q

Most important bump on the floor of the 4th ventricle,

A

Facial colliculus

35
Q

Where is the pineal?

A

It projects out near the back of the 3rd ventricle

36
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

A relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. Receives a major sensory input from the retina.

37
Q

Back of thalamus is also known as…

A

Pulvinar

38
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

2 bumps on the ventral side of the brainstem which function in memory

39
Q

CST

A

Corticospinal Tract

40
Q

STT

A

Spinothalamic tract

41
Q

ML

A

Medial lemniscus

42
Q

ION

A

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

43
Q

MCP

A

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

44
Q

SCP

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

45
Q

SCP X’s

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncles Decussate

46
Q

RN

A

Red Nucleus

47
Q

SN

A

Substantia Nigra

48
Q

IAF

A

Internal Arcuate Fibers- crossing fibers of the dorsal column pathway.

49
Q

Nucleus gracilis handles what?

A

Lower extremities

50
Q

Nucleus cuneatus handles what?

A

Upper extremities

51
Q

Spinal Tract and Nucleus of CN V does what?

A

Relays pain and temperature from the head

52
Q

The Spinal Nucleus of CN V is equivalent to what nucleus in the spinal cord?

A

Nucleus proprius

53
Q

The spinal trigeminal tract descends from…

A

The pons (where CN V enters and exits) and runs down into the cervical cord to synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus. It relays pain and temperature from the head.

54
Q

MLF

A

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

Pathway that runs down and connect the cranial nerves controlling eye movement and the vestibular system, allowing you to move your head in response to loud noises, flashes of light etc.

55
Q

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

A

Nuclei which sit deep in the cerebellum.

Fat Guys Eat Donuts

(1) Fastigial
(2) Globose
(3) Emboliform
(4) Dentate

56
Q

Pontine Gray Nuclei

A

Diffuse Nuclei in the Pons

57
Q

PAG

A

Peri Aqueductal Gray

Modulation of pain and Autonomic Functions

58
Q

What does the medial lemniscus enter and how?

A

Enters the thalamus, upside down.

59
Q

Where does the corticle spinal tract run? Where did it originate from?

A
  • Runs in the center of cerebral peduncle.

- Originates from pyramidal cells of area 4 of the motor cortex.

60
Q

Degeneration of _____ ______ plays a role in Parkinson’s disease

A

Substantia nigra (domaine producing cells)

61
Q

Red nucleus deals with what kind of movements?

A

Gross.

62
Q

If you see the red nucleus, you’re in…

A

Midbrain

63
Q

Reticular Core

A

Involved in multiple functions:

  • Control of movement
  • Modulation of transmission of pain information
  • Contains autonomic reflex circuitry
  • The control of arousal and consciousness
64
Q

Blue Dot

A

Locus Ceruleus. Contains noradrenalin (norepinephrine) and projects all over the brain.

Works to adjust the background level of sensitivity, deals with arousal/sleep, emotions etc.

65
Q

Substantia nigra contains…

A

Dopamine

66
Q

VTA

A

Ventral Tegmental Area

Contains Dopamine

67
Q

Raphe cells contain…

A

Serotonin

68
Q

What cells contain Acetylcholine

A

Neurons of the Rostral Brainstem and Basal Forebrain

69
Q

What are the key nuclei in the basal forebrain that contain Ach?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert and the Septal Nuclei

70
Q

A lack of Acetylcholine is oft associated with…

A

Alzheimer’s disease

71
Q

SE Raphe’s Substantial Dopey Blue NE’s

A

Mneumonic for…

Raphe- Serotonin
Substantia Nigra- Dopamine
Locus Ceruleus (blue dots)- Noradrenalin

72
Q

Most important circle of willis vessel in regards to the medulla

A

PICA- which is a branch of the vertebral

73
Q

3 Important Cerebellar Arteries

A
  • Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA)- comes off basilar
  • Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)- comes off basilar
  • Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
74
Q

Wallenberg Syndrome

A

Occurs following an occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Characterized by sensory deficits affecting the torso and extremities on the OPPOSITE side of the infarction, and sensory deficits affecting the face and cranial nerves on the SAME SIDE as the infarct.

MHD2 Neuro (22 decks)

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