Cerebral Cortex I

Question 1

Sylvian fissure

Answer 1

Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 2

Central sulcus

Answer 2

Everything in front of this is frontal lobe, behind it is parietal lobe. Found between 2 vertical gyri

Question 3

Gyri associated with the central sulcus

Answer 3

Precentral (motor) gyrus

Postcentral (sensory) gyrus

Question 4

3 major horizontal Gyri in frontal lobe? In temporal lobe?

Answer 4

Both are Superior, middle, and inferior

Question 5

2 divisions of the parietal lobe

Answer 5

Superior lobule
Inferior lobule

Separated by interparietal sulcus.

Question 6

Gyrus next to corpus collusum

Answer 6

Cinguate gyrus. Goes on to become the Hippocampul gyrus.

Question 7

Gyrus which splits occipital lobe

Answer 7

Calcarine fissure

Question 8

General role of cerebral cortex

Answer 8

Analyzes, plans and initiates response.

Question 9

Reticular system for cerebral cortex.

Answer 9

“Wakes brain up” Turns it on to adjust its level of responsiveness.

Question 10

Types of cortex

Answer 10

(1) Neocortex (most of cortex)
(2) Archicortex
(3) Paleocortex

Question 11

Most of the neurons of the brain are where?

Answer 11

Cerebellum

Question 12

Pyramidal cells of Neocortex

Answer 12

Projection cells out of cerebral cortex. 80% of the neocortex cells.

Give rise to the axons which leave the cortex, and go to other parts of the brain.

Question 13

Alost all of the output of the cortex is (excitatory or inhibitory?)

Answer 13

Excitatory

Question 14

Non-pyramidal cells of neocortex

Answer 14

Axons don’t project out. They still in the cerebral cortex and influence pyramidal cells

Question 15

Granular areas vs Agranular areas

Answer 15

Granular- small neurons

Agranular- large pyramidal cells

Question 16

The pyramidal cells usually sit in cell layer

Answer 16

V

Question 17

Most of the input that enters brain, enters via layers…

Answer 17

2, 3, and 4

Question 18

Columns which are adjacent to each other…

Answer 18

Have similar function at a cellular level

Question 19

Association bundles or fasiculi

Answer 19

Connect parts of the back of the cerebrum to parts in the front. These tracts are similar to a highway.

Fibers travel in both directions and none are discrete point-to-point.

Question 20

Primary neocortical areas

Answer 20

(1) Primary (P) motor– precentral gyrus (4)
(2) P. Somatosenory– postcentral gyrus (3, 1, 2)
(3) P. Visual– calcarine (17)
(4) P. Auditory– transverse temporal gyrus (41)

Question 21

Unimodal association areas

Answer 21

Similar to primary neocortical areas. Analyze information and extract more from it.

Adjacent to primary cortical areas.

Higher level of analysis.

Question 22

Multimodel association areas

Answer 22

High level intellectual functions.

Sends converging inputs and may respond to multiple stimuli.

Question 23

Parieto-occipital-temporal region

Answer 23

Multimodal association area of cortex in which information related to sight, sounds and feeling are integrated.

There is no topographic distribution affiliated. One point could be for finger and a point right next to it could be for the opposite knee.

Question 24

Neglect

Answer 24

Caused by injury to right inferior parietal lobule. Contralateral.

Ex. Vision is intact, but their minds neglect certain parts of the field

Question 25

Apraxia can be caused by…

Answer 25

Injury to the left parietal area

Question 26

Prefrontal area of the Multimodal association area

Answer 26

Executive Functions: Planning, insight, foresight and basic aspects of personality.

Memory, and Decision Making.

Question 27

Dorsolateral component of Prefrontal area

Answer 27

Important for working memory, attention and logical aspects of problem solving

Question 28

Ventromedial component of Prefrontal area

Answer 28

Has extensive limbic connections and are more important for emotional aspects of planning and decisions.

Question 29

All cortical areas receive Corpus Callosum commissural fibers EXCEPT (just name the major exception)…

Answer 29

Temporal lobe connections which travel through the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE

Question 30

Disconnection syndromes

Answer 30

Often result from white matter damage that interferes with cerebral connections.

Major Example: Alexia without Agraphia. Person cannot read, but they can write.

Question 31

Language is centered in which hemisphere of the brain?

Answer 31

Left

Brokese– Motor (production of words)

Werneke’s– Sensory (what you hear and see, getting transmitted into what you say)