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MRI > The BRAIN > Flashcards

The BRAIN Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major components of the adult brain?

A

1) Cerebrum
2) Cerebellum
3) Diencephalon
4) Brainstem

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2
Q

How many hemispheres is there in the CEREBRUM?

A
  1. There is a right and left hemisphere.
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3
Q

What separates the right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

The falx cerebri :)

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4
Q

What does the right hemisphere of our brain control?

A

Feelings and emotions.

Music and art processed in this area.

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5
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

The more logical side. It deals with more “black and white issues” such as math and language.

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6
Q

What is the corpus callosum do?

A

its a dense bundle of white matter located in the cerebum (roof of lat vents) that connects the two hemispheres.

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7
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

they relay info from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem downward into the cord. They cross at the medulla.

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8
Q

If a patient has a stroke on the left side of the brain, what side of the body will have symtpoms?

A

the contralateral side – AKA Right side.

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9
Q

What is the outer layer of the brain called and what is it in charge of?

A

the cerebral cortex

stores long - term memory and info

gray matter

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

White matter or gray?

A

Gray matter 3-5 mm thick

it also has a large vascular component. The vascular area will appear brighter than the white matter.

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11
Q

Why does white matter appear darker on MRI?

A

bcause its made up of myelin and fat whic hsi a darker more hypointense appearance.

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12
Q

What is the frontal lobe in charge of?

A

**most ANTERIOR part of brain

Houses info about socially acceptable behavior, reasoning, judgment, emotional responses, planning, production of speech and language

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13
Q

What does the parietal lobe store?

A

*middle portion of each hemisphere

tactile info such as the recognition of objects that are sharp, soft, hot or cold, vibration, pain, taste.

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14
Q

What does the temporal lobes control?

A

** located anterior to occiptal lobe

maintain auditory and emotional info

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15
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the cerebrum called??

A

occipital lobe

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16
Q

What part of brain controls balance and motor functions?

A

the basal ganglia

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17
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

above the brainstem

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18
Q

What are the 4 parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalmus, subthalmus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

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19
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

it is a pair of large oval gray masses that are interconnected with most regions of the brain and spinal cord.

its relays sensory info such as pain

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20
Q

What does the subthalamus do?

A

helps control motor functions

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

located just below the thalamus

It is responsible for maintaining normal body temperature and is part of the appetite and feeding center.

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22
Q

If someone has a problem with their sex drive or sleep patterns, what part of the brain could be involved?

A

the hypothalamus part of the diencephalon

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23
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

in the posterior cranial fossa (back of head)

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24
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

skeletal muscles and the maintenance of normal muscle tone and equilibrium.

it uses the brainstem to connect with the cerebrum.

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25
Q

The vermis connects what two lobes in the brain?

A

the cerebellum.

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26
Q

The medulla oblongata is in charge of what?

A

is the center for breathing, swallowing, and coughing reflux.

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27
Q

The brainstem is the relay station for incoming sensory info.

True or False

A

true

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28
Q

Say you are asleep. If your body senses danger while your asleep, what part of the brain anatomy will alert you to wake up?

A

the brainstem

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29
Q

The delicate brain is protected by how many meningeal layers?

A

3

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30
Q

What is the outer layer of the meningeal layer called?

A

dura mater.

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31
Q

Where is the arachnoid membrane located?

A

its a spider - like layer BENEATH the dura mater. The area around it is called the subarachnoid space.

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32
Q

The inner most layer of meninges is nearest to the cerebral cortex and is called what

A

the pia mater. it is HIGHLY vascular ,

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33
Q

What does the ventricular system do?

A

transports Cereberal spinal fluid (CSF) throughout the Central nervous system.

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34
Q

The ventricular system includes 4 ventricles. What are they

A

the two lateral ventricles

a third ventricle

and a fourth ventricle

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35
Q

The foramen of Monro connects which two

ventricles

A

the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

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36
Q

The aqueduct of Sylvius connects what two ventricles

A

the 3rd to the 4th ventricle

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37
Q

At the level of the fourth ventricle, the foramen of Luschka moves CSF laterall and the foramen of Monroe brings CSF downward through the spinal cord

true or false

A

true

38
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

it is located within the ventricles.

It is a network of blood vessels that is responsible for the production of cerebral spinal fluid.

39
Q

What happens if theres an area in the CSF pathway that is blocked for any reason?

A

the ventricles will become enlarged, causing hydrocephalus (water in the brain)

40
Q

The myelin of an infant is not well developed until what age?

A

2 years old.

41
Q

As the aging brain gets older, CSF (cereberal spinal fluid) becomes more prominent between the brain and skull.

True or False?

A

true

42
Q

What is the difference between agenesis and dysgenesis?

A

agenesis means something failed to develop in utero

dysgenesis is when a structure develops abnormally.

43
Q

What is Dandy-Walker malformation look like in pertains to the brain?

A

its a congenital brain malformation in which the 4th ventricle is enlarged causing a lot of fluid to form in the back of the brain (posterior fossa)

44
Q

So if someone has agenesis of the corpus callosum, what does this mean?

A

the absence of the corpus callosum.

45
Q

A chiari malformation occurs when the posterior part of the skull is narrower than normal. This in return causes what to happen>?

A

causes part of the cerebellar tonsil and brainstem to herniate downward past its normal position. This can cause a block of CSF flow.

46
Q

This occurs when both the cerebellar tonsil AND the brainstem are pushed below the line of the foramen magnum

Which Ciari malformation is this?

1/2/3/ or 4

A

Chiari 2

This can cause head aches

47
Q

Chiari 2 is also called?

A

Arnold Chiari

48
Q

A syrinx is an accumulation of CSF within the central canal of the spinal cord, this can often be seen in which type of chiari?

A

Chiari 2 / arnold chiari

49
Q

Which type of chiari malformation is this?? 1/2/3 or 4

A malformation where the cerebellum and brainstem protrude outside of the skull into a sac called an encephalocele. These babies dont live long.

A

Number 3.

50
Q

Chiari 4 is uncommon and involves an underdeveloped cerebellum.

True or False

A

True

51
Q

what is Encephalitis

A

inflammation to the brain

52
Q

Inflammation in the brain generall appears ______ on T2 weighted images.

Hyperintense or hypointense?

A

HYPERintense

53
Q

If you see a patient who has bilateral inflammation of the temporal lobes, what would you suspect their diagnosis would be?

A

herpes simplex encephalitis

54
Q

inflammation of the meninges is called?

A

Meningitis

55
Q

What is MS (multiple sclerosis)

A

multiple sclerosis is a common white matter disease that affects the myelin in the brain.

You may see plaque around the ventricles.

56
Q

What are symptoms of MS?

A

slurred speach, confusion, numbness of face and fatigue, and inflammation of the optic nerve.

57
Q

cancerous tumors only found in the brain and spinal cord are called?

A

Gliomas

58
Q

A glioma that transverses both hemispheres of the brain is called?

A

butterfly glioma

59
Q

Are meningiomas cancerous of benign?

A

Benign

60
Q

Where are meningiomas located?

A

ON TOP of the brain tissue. therefore they are considered extracranial tumors.

61
Q

What do meningiomas look like on MRI?

A

in T1 precontrast- they look isointense

and t1 - contrast, they look hyperintense.

62
Q

when arterial walls weaken and fill with an abnormal amount of blood, this causes an ________ to form

A

aneurysm

63
Q

80 - 90 % of strokes are considered ischemic meaning what/

A

they are caused when a thrombus or embolism blocks the artery

64
Q

Stroke symptoms lasting less than one hour represents what kind of stroke?

A

TIA - transient ischemic attack.

65
Q

What is the major exit route for CSF?

A

foramen of Magendie.

it is located on posterior wall of the 4th ventricle and allows communication with the cisterna magna.

66
Q

the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is frequently used as a landmark to determine if the midline of the brain has shifted as a result of trauma or pressure.

A

true

67
Q

Enlargment of the arachnoid vili are called

A

granulations.

68
Q

Which of the cistens is the largest?

A

Cisterna magna

think magnum..largest :)

69
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

70
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum contain gyri and fissures. What are these?

A

gyri - numerous folds of neural tissue

fissure = deeper grooves of neural tissue

71
Q

What is the lateral fissure also called?

A

sylvian fissure.

72
Q

What does the sylvian fissure divide?

A

the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobes of the brain.

73
Q

The most posterior lobe of the brain is called what?

A

the occipital lobe.

74
Q

The hippocampus us located within which lobe of brain?

A

temporal lobe

75
Q

What is the hippocampus do?

A

memory processing.

76
Q

The pituitary gland is part of the hypothalmus.

True or false

A

true

77
Q

What does the pituitary gland control and where is it located?

A

it is connect to the hypothalmus by a stalk called infundibulum.

it controls and regulates the functions of other glands, helps regulate growth, blood pressure and reproduction.

78
Q

What does the epithalmus do?

A

secretes melatonin that aids in regulations of day-night cycles and reproductive functions.

79
Q

The limbic system is involved in aggression, submissive and sexual behavior, memory learning and general emotional responses.

A

True

80
Q

The brainstem acts as a conduit ( connection) between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and the spinal cord.

True or false

A

true

81
Q

The jugular veins are the MAJOR route for drainage of venous blood from the head.

True or false

A

True

82
Q

If a patient comes in and tells us they have had a lot of seizures, loss of vision, tingling, weakness, and hallucinations, in what lobe of the brain should we think they may have a problem?

A

The occipital

83
Q

If a patient comes in and complains that they feel cranial pressure, personality changes, seizures, speech impairment, what lobe of the brain might be affected?

A

the frontal

the hint is personality changes and speech

since the frontal lobe is in charge of socially acceptable behavior, reasoning, judgment, emotional responses, planning, production of speech.

84
Q

If a patient comes in complaining of increased cranial pressure, vision loss, weakness, memory loss, and loss of touch, what lobe of brain might be affected?

A

parietal

85
Q

If a patient comes in with a loss of sense of smell, defective hearing and memory, and speech disorders, what lobe of brain may be affected?

A

temporal.

86
Q

What is another term for longitudinal fissure?

A

falx cerebri and superior sagittal sinus

It divides the right and left hemispheres.

87
Q

The septum pellucidum is frequently used as a landmark to determine if the midline of the brain has shifted due to trauma or pressure.

True or False

A

True

88
Q

The choroid plexus is part of the ventricular system. True or False and why?

A

True, bc it is in charge of producing CSF.

89
Q

What happens to the excess fluid in the ventricular system?q

A

it is reabsorbed in the dura sinuses by the arachnoid villi (little projections that penetrate the dura mater)

90
Q

The cerebral cortex receives sensory input- which means what?

A

it sends instructions to the muscles and glands for control of the bodily movement activity.

91
Q

Memory processing occurw via what two areas of brain?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

MRI (14 decks)

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