The body's systems Flashcards
What two groups can animals be divided into for homeostasis regulation?
ectotherms and endotherm
How do ectotherms and endotherms use their circulatory systems to help maintain body temperature?
Vasodilation (opening arteries) and Vasoconstriction (closing arteries) help to warm and cool down.
What is countercurrent heat exchange?
an adaption that allows animals to transfer heat from arteries to veins that are flowing next to each other, warming blood returning to the heart.
Why does a fever occur and how?
pyrogens (compounds) are made and move to the hypothalamus resetting the internal thermostat to a higher number-your body is trying to create a hostile environment to fight off and reduce bacteria from infection
What three major fluid compartments are influenced by osmotic pressure and balance?
blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid
What three systems participate in osmoregulation?
the skin as sweat, the lungs in the form of exhaled carbon dioxide, and through the urinary system in the form of urine
What three internal regions are in the kidney?
regions—an outer cortex, a medulla in the middle, and the renal pelvis,
How does saliva begin to break down food into a bolus?
Saliva has lysozyme (antibacterial) and secretes enzymes called amylase and lipase. Amylase converts starch into maltose and lipase breaks down fats.
How does the esophagus work to push food into the stomach?
It goes through a process of peristalsis (involuntary) and pushes food to meet the gastro-esophageal sphincter, where the sphincter opens to let the bolus into the stomach for digestion.
How does the stomach digest food?
The stomach secretes digestive enzymes and acid (pepsin (digests protein) and turns the mixture into chyme. Chyme is released into the small intestine, which is regulated by hormones, muscular reflexes, and stomach distension.
How does the small intestine work?
The villi and the microvilli absorb nutrients from food and release to the blood stream. The chyme is further broken down by the pancreatic juices. The undigested is sent to the colon from the ileum.
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum.
What are the three parts of the large intestine?
the cecum, the colon, and the rectum.
What are the four regions of the colon?
the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon.
What are the two pumps of the heart?
pulmonary and systemic circulation
