Evolution and It's Processes

Question 1

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 1

the magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes

Question 2

Founder Effect

Answer 2

a magnification of genetic drift in a small population that migrates away from a large parent population carrying with it an unrepresentative set of alleles

Question 3

What are two effects of genetic drift?

Answer 3

Bottleneck and Founder Effect

Question 4

Gene Flow

Answer 4

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes

Question 5

Vestigial Structure

Answer 5

a physical structure present in an organism but that has no apparent function and appears to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor (ex: penguins with wings)

Question 6

Embryonic Structures

Answer 6

Structures that are absent in some groups often appear in their embryonic forms and disappear by the time the adult or juvenile form is reached. For example, all vertebrate embryos, including humans, exhibit gill slits at some point in their early development.

Question 7

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 7

Embryonic structures, Biogeography (distributed groups on separated mainlands), convergence of form (white arctic foxes and birds), vestigial structures, universality of DNA.

Question 8

Speciation

Answer 8

the formation of two species from one original species. Is impossible for two species to interbreed.

Question 9

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 9

a speciation that occurs via a geographic separation

Question 10

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 10

a speciation that occurs in the same geographic space

Question 11

What is the process of speciation through geographic separation?

Answer 11

Natural selection through different environments will cause divergent adaptions. Genetic drift will cause divergence through smaller populations. Mating between both populations becomes less likely.

Question 12

What are the two parts of reproductive isolation?

Answer 12

prezygotic mechanisms (those that operate before fertilization)
 postzygotic mechanisms (those that operate after fertilization).

Question 13

Prezygotic Mechanisms

Answer 13

Traits that allow the individuals to find each other, such as the timing of mating, sensitivity to pheromones, or choice of mating sites. Prevents courtship rituals.

Question 14

Postzygotic Mechanisms

Answer 14

Include genetic incompatibilities that prevent proper development of the offspring, or if the offspring live, they may be unable to produce viable gametes themselves.

Question 15

What are the two allopatric processes?

Answer 15

Dispersal and Vicariance

Question 16

Dispersal

Answer 16

An allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area.

Question 17

Vicariance

Answer 17

An allopatric speciation that occurs when something in the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups.

Question 18

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 18

A speciation when one species radiates out to form several other species. Ex. Galapagos Finches and beak shapes.

Question 19

What are the sympatric processes?

Answer 19

Polyploidy, genetic flexibility that separates population from parent population (Ex. fish and new food), mutation or behavior changes (Ex. Apple Maggot fly)

Question 20

Polyploidy

Answer 20

Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell, or organism, has an extra set, or sets, of chromosomes. results from an error in meiosis in which all of the chromosomes move into one cell instead of separating.

Question 21

What are the two types of polyploidy

Answer 21

Autoploidy and Allopolyploid

Question 22

Autoploidy

Answer 22

a polyploid individual will have two or more complete sets of chromosomes from its own species

Question 23

Allopolyploid

Answer 23

Allopolyploid occurs when gametes from two different species combine.