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Biology 105 > Diversity of Animals > Flashcards

Diversity of Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of animals?

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, ingest their food and usually develop into motile creatures with a fixed body plan.

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2
Q

What are the four main classes of differentiated tissues?

A

nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial

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3
Q

What is a triploblast and how do you characterize it?

A

three germ layers that are further characterized by the presence or absence of an internal body cavity called a coelom.

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4
Q

Coelom

A

internal body cavity

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5
Q

animals with a body cavity are either…?

A

coelomates or pseudocoelomates, depending on type of tissue

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6
Q

What two groups are coelomates divided into?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes, based on a number of developmental characteristics

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7
Q

How factors help classify animals?

A

symmetrical body plan, the number of tissue layers formed during development, the presence or absence of an internal body cavity, and other features of embryological development.

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8
Q

What three forms can animal body plans be?

A

Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry

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9
Q

What are the inner layer, outer layer, and middle layer of germ layers?

A

endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

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10
Q

What two groups are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates divided into?

A

protostomes (mouth first), deuterostomes (anus first)

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11
Q

Animals in phylum Porifera (sponges) are…?

A

parazoans and do not possess true tissues.

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12
Q

what are the two body plans of cnidarians?

A

plans: polyp or “stalk” and medusa or “bell”

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13
Q

What are the two tissue layers of cnidarians?

A

epidermis (outer layer) and gastrodermis (outer layer)

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14
Q

What is between the two tissue layers of cnidarians?

A

mesoglea

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15
Q

What are the four classes of phylum cnidaria?

A

Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Hydrozoa.

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16
Q

Anthozoa have…?

A

a sessile polyp body plan only (sea anemones)

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17
Q

Scyphozoans are…?

A

jellies with both a polyp and medusa (dominant) stage

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18
Q

Cubozoa are…?

A

box jellyfish, a different arrangement of tentacles,

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19
Q

What is the major difference of hydrozoa?

A

Their gonads are from epidermal tissue and not gastrodermal tissue.

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20
Q

What are the four classes of flatworms?

A

turbellarians, the ectoparasitic monogeneans, and the endoparasitic trematodes and cestodes.

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21
Q

What are the seven classes of mollusk?

A

Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and Scaphopoda.

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22
Q

Echinoderms are divided into what five classes?

A

Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Crinoidea (sea lilies or feather stars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

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23
Q

What four key features do animals in the phylum chordata share?

A

a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail

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24
Q

What two clades of invertebrates does the phylum Chordata have?

A

Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets).

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25
Q

jawless fish are…?

A

craniates

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26
Q

What are the three clades of amphibians?

A

Urodela (“tailed-ones”), the salamanders and newts; Anura (“tail-less ones”), the frogs and toads; and Apoda (“legless ones”), the caecilians.

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27
Q

What are the clades of reptilia?

A

Crocodilia, Sphenodontia, Squamata, and Testudines.

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28
Q

What broad groups are mammals divided into?

A

monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians (or placental mammals).

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29
Q

acoelomate

A

without a body cavity

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30
Q

Actinopterygii

A

ray-finned fishes

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31
Q

amniote

A

a clade of animals that possesses an amniotic egg; includes reptiles (including birds) and mammals

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32
Q

amoebocyte

A

an amoeba-like cell of sponges whose functions include distribution of nutrients to other cells in the sponge

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33
Q

Amphibia

A

frogs, salamanders, and caecilians

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34
Q

ampulla of Lorenzini

A

a sensory organ that allows sharks to detect electromagnetic fields produced by living things

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35
Q

Annelida

A

a phylum of worm-like animals with metamerism

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36
Q

anthropoids

A

a clade consisting of monkeys, apes, and humans

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37
Q

Anura

A

frogs

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38
Q

Apoda

A

caecilians

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39
Q

Arthropoda

A

a phylum of Ecdysozoa with jointed appendages and segmented bodies

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40
Q

asymmetrical

A

having no plane of symmetry

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41
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

a type of symmetry in which there is only one plane of symmetry that creates two mirror-image sides

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42
Q

body plan

A

the shape and symmetry of an organism

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43
Q

brachiation

A

swinging through trees

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44
Q

budding

A

a form of asexual reproduction that occurs through the growth of a new organism as a branch on an adult organism that breaks off and becomes independent; found in plants, sponges, cnidarians, and some other invertebrates

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45
Q

caecilian

A

a legless amphibian that belongs to clade Apoda

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46
Q

Cephalochordata

A

a chordate clade whose members possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage

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47
Q

cephalothorax

A

a fused head and thorax

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48
Q

chaeta

A

a chitinous projection from the cuticle found in annelids

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49
Q

chelicerae

A

a modified first pair of appendages in subphylum Chelicerata

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50
Q

chitin

A

a tough nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cuticles of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

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51
Q

choanocyte

A

a cell type unique to sponges with a flagellum surrounded by a collar used to maintain water flow through the sponge, and capture and digest food particles

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52
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

jawed fishes with paired fins and a skeleton made of cartilage

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53
Q

Chordata

A

a phylum of animals distinguished by their possession of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail at some point during their development

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54
Q

clitellum

A

a specialized band of fused segments in some annelids, which aids in reproduction

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55
Q

Cnidaria

A

a phylum of animals that are diploblastic and have radial symmetry and stinging cells

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56
Q

cnidocyte

A

a specialized stinging cell found in Cnidaria

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57
Q

coelom

A

a lined body cavity derived from mesodermal embryonic tissue

58
Q

complete digestive system

A

a digestive system that opens at one end, the mouth, and exits at the other end, the anus, and through which food normally moves in one direction

59
Q

craniate

A

a proposed clade of chordates that includes all groups except the tunicates and lancelets

60
Q

crocadilia

A

crocodiles and alligators

61
Q

ctenidia

A

specialized gills in mollusks

62
Q

cutaneous respiration

A

gas exchange through the skin

63
Q

deuterostome

A

describing an animal in which the blastopore develops into the anus, with the second opening developing into the mouth

64
Q

dioecious

A

having separate male and female sexes

65
Q

diphyodont

A

refers to the possession of two sets of teeth in a lifetime

66
Q

diploblast

A

an animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers

67
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

a hollow, tubular structure derived from ectoderm, which is located dorsal to the notochord in chordates

68
Q

down feather

A

feather specialized for insulation

69
Q

Echinodermata

A

a phylum of deuterostomes with spiny skin; exclusively marine organisms

70
Q

epidermis

A

the layer of cells that lines the outer surface of an animal

71
Q

eucoelomate

A

describing animals with a body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue

72
Q

eutherian mammal

A

a mammal with a complex placenta, which connects a fetus to the mother; sometimes called placental mammals

73
Q

extracellular digestion

A

a form of digestion, the breakdown of food, which occurs outside of cells with the aid of enzymes released by cells

74
Q

fragmentation

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which a portion of the body of an organism breaks off and develops into a living independent organism; found in plants, sponges, and some other invertebrates

75
Q

frog

A

a tail-less amphibian that belongs to clade Anura

76
Q

gastrodermis

A

the layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians

77
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

the central cavity bounded by the gastrodermis in cnidarians

78
Q

gemmule

A

a structure produced by asexual reproduction in freshwater sponges that is able to survive harsh conditions

79
Q

germ layer

A

a collection of cells formed during embryogenesis that will give rise to future body tissues

80
Q

gnathostome

A

a jawed fish

81
Q

hagfish

A

an eel-like jawless fish that lives on the ocean floor and is a scavenger

82
Q

hemocoel

A

the internal body cavity seen in arthropods

83
Q

heterodont teeth

A

different types of teeth modified by different purposes

84
Q

intracellular digestion

A

the digestion of matter brought into a cell by phagocytosis

85
Q

lamprey

A

a jawless fish characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth

86
Q

lancelet

A

a member of Cephalochordata; named for its blade-like shape

87
Q

lateral line

A

the sense organ that runs the length of a fish’s body, used to detect vibration in the water

88
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

a clade of invertebrate organisms that is a sister group to the Ecdysozoa

89
Q

madreporite

A

a pore for regulating entry and exit of water into the water vascular system

90
Q

mammal

A

one of the groups of endothermic vertebrates that possess hair and mammary glands

91
Q

mammary gland

A

in female mammals, a gland that produces milk for newborns

92
Q

mantle

A

a specialized epidermis that encloses all visceral organs and secretes shells in mollusks

93
Q

marsupial

A

one of the groups of mammals that includes the kangaroo, koala, bandicoot, Tasmanian devil, and several other species; young develop within a pouch

94
Q

medusa

A

a free-floating cnidarian body plan with a mouth on the underside and tentacles hanging down from a bell

95
Q

mesoglea

A

the non-living, gel-like matrix present in between ectoderm and endoderm in cnidarians

96
Q

mesohyl

A

the collagen-like gel containing suspended cells that perform various functions in sponges

97
Q

metamerism

A

having a series of body structures that are similar internally and externally, such as segments

98
Q

mollusca

A

a phylum of protostomes with soft bodies and no segmentation

99
Q

monoecious

A

having both sexes in one body, hermaphroditic

100
Q

monotreme

A

an egg-laying mammal

101
Q

Myxini

A

hagfishes

102
Q

nacre

A

a calcareous secretion produced by bivalve mollusks to line the inner side of shells as well as to coat foreign particulate matter

103
Q

nematocyst

A

the harpoon-like organelle within a cnidocyte with a pointed projectile and poison to stun and entangle prey

104
Q

nematoda

A

a phylum of worms in Ecdysozoa commonly called roundworms containing both free-living and parasitic forms

105
Q

notochord

A

a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and in the adult stage of some chordates

106
Q

osculum

A

the large opening in a sponge body through which water leaves

107
Q

Osteichthyes

A

bony fishes

108
Q

ostracoderm

A

one of the earliest jawless fishes covered in bone

109
Q

Petromyzontidae

A

the clade of lampreys

110
Q

pharyngeal slit

A

the opening in the pharynx

111
Q

pneumatic bone

A

an air filled bone

112
Q

polyp

A

the stalk-like, sessile life form of a cnidarians with mouth and tentacles facing upward, usually sessile but may be able to glide along a surface

113
Q

porifera

A

a phylum of animals with no true tissues, but a porous body with a rudimentary endoskeleton

114
Q

post-anal tail

A

a muscular, posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus in chordates

115
Q

primates

A

includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

116
Q

prosimians

A

a group of primates that includes bush babies of Africa, lemurs of Madagascar, and lorises, pottos, and tarsiers of southeast Asia

117
Q

protostome

A

describing an animal in which the mouth develops first during embryogenesis and a second opening developing into the anus

118
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

an animal with a coelom that is not completely lined with tissues derived from the mesoderm as in eucoelomate animals

119
Q

radial symmetry

A

a type of symmetry with multiple planes of symmetry all cross at an axis through the center of the organism

120
Q

radula

A

a tongue-like scraping organ with chitinous ornamentation found in most mollusks

121
Q

salamander

A

a tailed amphibian that belongs to the clade Urodela

122
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

lobe-finned fishes

123
Q

sebaceous gland

A

in mammals, a skin gland that produce a lipid mixture called sebum

124
Q

Sphenodontia

A

the reptilian clade that includes the tuataras

125
Q

spicule

A

a short sliver or spike-like structure, in sponges, they are formed of silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, or protein, and are found in the mesohyl

126
Q

spiracle

A

a respiratory openings in insects that allow air into the tracheae

127
Q

spongocoel

A

the central cavity within the body of some sponges

128
Q

Squamata

A

the reptilian clade of lizards and snakes

129
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

two overlapping fields of vision from the eyes that produces depth perception

130
Q

sudoriferous gland

A

a gland in mammals that produces sweat and scent molecules

131
Q

swim bladder

A

in fishes, a gas filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy of the fish

132
Q

tadpole

A

the larval stage of a frog

133
Q

Testudines

A

turtles

134
Q

tetrapod

A

a four-footed animal; includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

135
Q

trachea

A

in some arthropods, such as insects, a respiratory tube that conducts air from the spiracles to the tissues

136
Q

triploblast

A

an animal that develops from three germ layers

137
Q

turnicate

A

a sessile chordate that is a member of Urochordata

138
Q

Urochordata

A

the clade composed of the tunicates

139
Q

Urodela

A

salamanders

140
Q

vertebral column

A

a series of separate bones that surround the spinal cord in vertebrates

141
Q

water vascular system

A

a system in echinoderms in which water is the circulatory fluid

Biology 105 (10 decks)

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