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Biology 105 > Diversity of Animals > Flashcards

Diversity of Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of animals?

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, ingest their food and usually develop into motile creatures with a fixed body plan.

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2
Q

What are the four main classes of differentiated tissues?

A

nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial

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3
Q

What is a triploblast and how do you characterize it?

A

three germ layers that are further characterized by the presence or absence of an internal body cavity called a coelom.

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4
Q

Coelom

A

internal body cavity

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5
Q

animals with a body cavity are either…?

A

coelomates or pseudocoelomates, depending on type of tissue

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6
Q

What two groups are coelomates divided into?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes, based on a number of developmental characteristics

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7
Q

How factors help classify animals?

A

symmetrical body plan, the number of tissue layers formed during development, the presence or absence of an internal body cavity, and other features of embryological development.

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8
Q

What three forms can animal body plans be?

A

Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry

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9
Q

What are the inner layer, outer layer, and middle layer of germ layers?

A

endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

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10
Q

What two groups are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates divided into?

A

protostomes (mouth first), deuterostomes (anus first)

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11
Q

Animals in phylum Porifera (sponges) are…?

A

parazoans and do not possess true tissues.

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12
Q

what are the two body plans of cnidarians?

A

plans: polyp or “stalk” and medusa or “bell”

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13
Q

What are the two tissue layers of cnidarians?

A

epidermis (outer layer) and gastrodermis (outer layer)

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14
Q

What is between the two tissue layers of cnidarians?

A

mesoglea

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15
Q

What are the four classes of phylum cnidaria?

A

Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Hydrozoa.

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16
Q

Anthozoa have…?

A

a sessile polyp body plan only (sea anemones)

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17
Q

Scyphozoans are…?

A

jellies with both a polyp and medusa (dominant) stage

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18
Q

Cubozoa are…?

A

box jellyfish, a different arrangement of tentacles,

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19
Q

What is the major difference of hydrozoa?

A

Their gonads are from epidermal tissue and not gastrodermal tissue.

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20
Q

What are the four classes of flatworms?

A

turbellarians, the ectoparasitic monogeneans, and the endoparasitic trematodes and cestodes.

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21
Q

What are the seven classes of mollusk?

A

Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and Scaphopoda.

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22
Q

Echinoderms are divided into what five classes?

A

Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Crinoidea (sea lilies or feather stars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

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23
Q

What four key features do animals in the phylum chordata share?

A

a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail

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24
Q

What two clades of invertebrates does the phylum Chordata have?

A

Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets).

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25
jawless fish are...?
craniates
26
What are the three clades of amphibians?
Urodela (“tailed-ones”), the salamanders and newts; Anura (“tail-less ones”), the frogs and toads; and Apoda (“legless ones”), the caecilians.
27
What are the clades of reptilia?
Crocodilia, Sphenodontia, Squamata, and Testudines.
28
What broad groups are mammals divided into?
monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians (or placental mammals).
29
acoelomate
without a body cavity
30
Actinopterygii
ray-finned fishes
31
amniote
a clade of animals that possesses an amniotic egg; includes reptiles (including birds) and mammals
32
amoebocyte
an amoeba-like cell of sponges whose functions include distribution of nutrients to other cells in the sponge
33
Amphibia
frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
34
ampulla of Lorenzini
a sensory organ that allows sharks to detect electromagnetic fields produced by living things
35
Annelida
a phylum of worm-like animals with metamerism
36
anthropoids
a clade consisting of monkeys, apes, and humans
37
Anura
frogs
38
Apoda
caecilians
39
Arthropoda
a phylum of Ecdysozoa with jointed appendages and segmented bodies
40
asymmetrical
having no plane of symmetry
41
bilateral symmetry
a type of symmetry in which there is only one plane of symmetry that creates two mirror-image sides
42
body plan
the shape and symmetry of an organism
43
brachiation
swinging through trees
44
budding
a form of asexual reproduction that occurs through the growth of a new organism as a branch on an adult organism that breaks off and becomes independent; found in plants, sponges, cnidarians, and some other invertebrates
45
caecilian
a legless amphibian that belongs to clade Apoda
46
Cephalochordata
a chordate clade whose members possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage
47
cephalothorax
a fused head and thorax
48
chaeta
a chitinous projection from the cuticle found in annelids
49
chelicerae
a modified first pair of appendages in subphylum Chelicerata
50
chitin
a tough nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cuticles of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi
51
choanocyte
a cell type unique to sponges with a flagellum surrounded by a collar used to maintain water flow through the sponge, and capture and digest food particles
52
Chondrichthyes
jawed fishes with paired fins and a skeleton made of cartilage
53
Chordata
a phylum of animals distinguished by their possession of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail at some point during their development
54
clitellum
a specialized band of fused segments in some annelids, which aids in reproduction
55
Cnidaria
a phylum of animals that are diploblastic and have radial symmetry and stinging cells
56
cnidocyte
a specialized stinging cell found in Cnidaria
57
coelom
a lined body cavity derived from mesodermal embryonic tissue
58
complete digestive system
a digestive system that opens at one end, the mouth, and exits at the other end, the anus, and through which food normally moves in one direction
59
craniate
a proposed clade of chordates that includes all groups except the tunicates and lancelets
60
crocadilia
crocodiles and alligators
61
ctenidia
specialized gills in mollusks
62
cutaneous respiration
gas exchange through the skin
63
deuterostome
describing an animal in which the blastopore develops into the anus, with the second opening developing into the mouth
64
dioecious
having separate male and female sexes
65
diphyodont
refers to the possession of two sets of teeth in a lifetime
66
diploblast
an animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers
67
dorsal hollow nerve cord
a hollow, tubular structure derived from ectoderm, which is located dorsal to the notochord in chordates
68
down feather
feather specialized for insulation
69
Echinodermata
a phylum of deuterostomes with spiny skin; exclusively marine organisms
70
epidermis
the layer of cells that lines the outer surface of an animal
71
eucoelomate
describing animals with a body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue
72
eutherian mammal
a mammal with a complex placenta, which connects a fetus to the mother; sometimes called placental mammals
73
extracellular digestion
a form of digestion, the breakdown of food, which occurs outside of cells with the aid of enzymes released by cells
74
fragmentation
a form of asexual reproduction in which a portion of the body of an organism breaks off and develops into a living independent organism; found in plants, sponges, and some other invertebrates
75
frog
a tail-less amphibian that belongs to clade Anura
76
gastrodermis
the layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians
77
gastrovascular cavity
the central cavity bounded by the gastrodermis in cnidarians
78
gemmule
a structure produced by asexual reproduction in freshwater sponges that is able to survive harsh conditions
79
germ layer
a collection of cells formed during embryogenesis that will give rise to future body tissues
80
gnathostome
a jawed fish
81
hagfish
an eel-like jawless fish that lives on the ocean floor and is a scavenger
82
hemocoel
the internal body cavity seen in arthropods
83
heterodont teeth
different types of teeth modified by different purposes
84
intracellular digestion
the digestion of matter brought into a cell by phagocytosis
85
lamprey
a jawless fish characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth
86
lancelet
a member of Cephalochordata; named for its blade-like shape
87
lateral line
the sense organ that runs the length of a fish’s body, used to detect vibration in the water
88
Lophotrochozoa
a clade of invertebrate organisms that is a sister group to the Ecdysozoa
89
madreporite
a pore for regulating entry and exit of water into the water vascular system
90
mammal
one of the groups of endothermic vertebrates that possess hair and mammary glands
91
mammary gland
in female mammals, a gland that produces milk for newborns
92
mantle
a specialized epidermis that encloses all visceral organs and secretes shells in mollusks
93
marsupial
one of the groups of mammals that includes the kangaroo, koala, bandicoot, Tasmanian devil, and several other species; young develop within a pouch
94
medusa
a free-floating cnidarian body plan with a mouth on the underside and tentacles hanging down from a bell
95
mesoglea
the non-living, gel-like matrix present in between ectoderm and endoderm in cnidarians
96
mesohyl
the collagen-like gel containing suspended cells that perform various functions in sponges
97
metamerism
having a series of body structures that are similar internally and externally, such as segments
98
mollusca
a phylum of protostomes with soft bodies and no segmentation
99
monoecious
having both sexes in one body, hermaphroditic
100
monotreme
an egg-laying mammal
101
Myxini
hagfishes
102
nacre
a calcareous secretion produced by bivalve mollusks to line the inner side of shells as well as to coat foreign particulate matter
103
nematocyst
the harpoon-like organelle within a cnidocyte with a pointed projectile and poison to stun and entangle prey
104
nematoda
a phylum of worms in Ecdysozoa commonly called roundworms containing both free-living and parasitic forms
105
notochord
a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and in the adult stage of some chordates
106
osculum
the large opening in a sponge body through which water leaves
107
Osteichthyes
bony fishes
108
ostracoderm
one of the earliest jawless fishes covered in bone
109
Petromyzontidae
the clade of lampreys
110
pharyngeal slit
the opening in the pharynx
111
pneumatic bone
an air filled bone
112
polyp
the stalk-like, sessile life form of a cnidarians with mouth and tentacles facing upward, usually sessile but may be able to glide along a surface
113
porifera
a phylum of animals with no true tissues, but a porous body with a rudimentary endoskeleton
114
post-anal tail
a muscular, posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus in chordates
115
primates
includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
116
prosimians
a group of primates that includes bush babies of Africa, lemurs of Madagascar, and lorises, pottos, and tarsiers of southeast Asia
117
protostome
describing an animal in which the mouth develops first during embryogenesis and a second opening developing into the anus
118
pseudocoelomate
an animal with a coelom that is not completely lined with tissues derived from the mesoderm as in eucoelomate animals
119
radial symmetry
a type of symmetry with multiple planes of symmetry all cross at an axis through the center of the organism
120
radula
a tongue-like scraping organ with chitinous ornamentation found in most mollusks
121
salamander
a tailed amphibian that belongs to the clade Urodela
122
Sarcopterygii
lobe-finned fishes
123
sebaceous gland
in mammals, a skin gland that produce a lipid mixture called sebum
124
Sphenodontia
the reptilian clade that includes the tuataras
125
spicule
a short sliver or spike-like structure, in sponges, they are formed of silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, or protein, and are found in the mesohyl
126
spiracle
a respiratory openings in insects that allow air into the tracheae
127
spongocoel
the central cavity within the body of some sponges
128
Squamata
the reptilian clade of lizards and snakes
129
stereoscopic vision
two overlapping fields of vision from the eyes that produces depth perception
130
sudoriferous gland
a gland in mammals that produces sweat and scent molecules
131
swim bladder
in fishes, a gas filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy of the fish
132
tadpole
the larval stage of a frog
133
Testudines
turtles
134
tetrapod
a four-footed animal; includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
135
trachea
in some arthropods, such as insects, a respiratory tube that conducts air from the spiracles to the tissues
136
triploblast
an animal that develops from three germ layers
137
turnicate
a sessile chordate that is a member of Urochordata
138
Urochordata
the clade composed of the tunicates
139
Urodela
salamanders
140
vertebral column
a series of separate bones that surround the spinal cord in vertebrates
141
water vascular system
a system in echinoderms in which water is the circulatory fluid

Biology 105 (10 decks)

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