The Behavioural Approach and SLT (Approaches) Flashcards
Method (Watson and Rayner 1920 ‘Little Albert’)
An 11-month-old boy showed no fear when presented with white, fluffy animals such as rats or rabbits.
Researchers created a conditioned response to these by striking a metal bar loudly behind Albert’s head when presented with these animals.
This was repeated twice at first, then five more times a week later.
Results (Watson and Rayner 1920 ‘Little Albert’)
When he was shown a rat, he would start to cry. This was the same with other white, fluffy objects.
Conclusion (Watson and Rayner 1920 ‘Little Albert’)
A fear response to white fluffy objects had been conditioned into Albert, showing that abnormal behaviour can be learned.
Evaluation (Watson and Rayner 1920 ‘Little Albert’)
Very unethical
Not everybody develops a fear or phobia after a negative situation, so learning theory can’t be the full story.
Being a laboratory study it lacked ecological validity
Supports Pavlov’s idea of classical conditioning
Assumptions of the Behavioural Approach
Psychology is a science: so behaviour must be measured in highly controlled environments to establish cause and effect.
When born our mind is a blank state
There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and in other animals: this means that research can be carried out on animals as well as humans
Behaviour is the result of stimulus: all behaviour can be reduced to a simple stimulus- response associations
All behaviour is learnt from the environment: We learn new behaviour through classical or operant conditioning
Key concepts of the Behavioural Approach
Stimulus: anything internal or external, that brings about a response.
Response: any reaction in the presence of a stimulus.
Reinforcement: the process by which a response is strengthened
Unconditioned Stimulus
the stimulus that causes the reflex response before conditioning. it is the stimulus that naturally produces the response
Conditioned Stimulus
the stimulus which, after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, produces the response
Unconditioned response
the innate (reflexive) response to a stimulus that has not been controlled
Conditioned response
the response that occurs after exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Pavlov’s dogs)
First, Pavlov established that meat caused the dog to salivate
-unconditioned stimulus (FOOD) = unconditioned response (SALIVA)
Then, he presented the tone with the food. Note that the dog is salivating in response to the food at this time
-unconditioned stimulus (FOOD) + neutral stimulus (BELL) = unconditioned response (SALIVA)
After several pairings of the tome and food, Pavlov found that the dog would salivate to the tone when it was presented alone
-conditioned stimulus (BELL) = conditioned response (SALIVA)
Method (Skinner 1938 rats showing operant conditioning)
Rats were placed one at a time into a ‘Skinner Box’ which contained a variety of stimuli: a speaker, lights, a floor which gave an electric shock and a food dispenser which was operated with a lever.
A hungry rat was placed into the box and the time taken for the rates to learn that pressing the lever would release food was recorded.
Results (Skinner 1938 rats showing operant conditioning)
Initially, the rat would run around the cage until it accidentally pressed the lever and it was rewarded with food.
The more the rat was put back into the box, the quicker they got at learning where the lever was.
Conclusion (Skinner 1938 rats showing operant conditioning)
Rats can learn behaviour through operant conditioning. A behaviour such as pressing a lever can be positively reinforced by receiving food.
Evaluation (Skinner 1938 rats showing operant conditioning)
Has influenced promoting the idea of behavioural psychology
It used animals, meaning that results may not be generalised to humans.
The sample size was small, reducing reliability of the results.