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hbio 202 > the basics of digestion > Flashcards

the basics of digestion Flashcards

1
Q

define digestion

A

a multistep process of breaking down foods into absorbable components using mechanical and chemical means in the gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

processes involved in preparing food for absorption

A

ingestion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion

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3
Q

ingestion

A

eating and swallowing food

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4
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chops up food, grinding/mixing of food and movement of food through the system

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5
Q

chemical digestion

A

breakdown of food into absorbable nutrients

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6
Q

organs involved in digestion

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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7
Q

accessory organs

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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8
Q

mouth function

A

begins breaking down food into components through chewing

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9
Q

pharynx description

A

4 inch muscular tube, directs air from nose and mouth down to your larynx, which moves air to your trachea and lungs

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10
Q

pharynx function

A

initiates swallowing and delivers food and liquid to your esophagus, which sends it to the stomach; epiglottis blocks the trachea when you swallow

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11
Q

esophagus description

A

upper esophagus contains skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control (somatic nervous system), lower esophagus contains smooth muscle and is under involuntary control (autonomic and enteric nervous system)

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12
Q

esophagus function

A

transfers food from the mouth to the stomach

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13
Q

stomach description

A

hollow muscular organ with 3 layers of muscle (circular, longitudinal, diagonal), lower end connects with the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter

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14
Q

stomach function

A

mixes food with digestive juices, breaks down some nutrients into smaller components

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15
Q

small intestine description

A

long, narrow, and coiled with three segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and accounts for 20 feet of the GI tract

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16
Q

small intestine function

A

completes digestion of food and absorbs nutrients through its walls

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17
Q

large intestine description

A

three sections (cecum, colon, rectum)

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18
Q

large intestine function

A

absorbs water and some nutrients, passes waste products out of the body

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19
Q

anus description

A

connected to the rectum and controlled by two sphincters: internal and external

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20
Q

anus function

A

final stage of defecation is under voluntary control

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21
Q

liver description

A

largest internal organ

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22
Q

liver function

A

produces the bile and regulates the metabolism of the absorbed nutrients

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23
Q

gallbladder description

A

located under the liver

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24
Q

gallbladder function

A

releases stored bile into the small intestine to emulsify the fat

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25
Q

pancreas description

A

located next to the stomach

26
Q

pancreas function

A

produces bicarbonate ions to neutralize the chyme and the enzymes amylase, lipase, and protease to digest

27
Q

enzymes function

A

chemicals that break down food into nutrient components that can be absorbed

28
Q

enzymes source of origin

A

stomach, small intestine, pancreas

29
Q

hormones in digestion

A

gastrin, ghrelin, secretin, cholecystokinin

30
Q

hormones function

A

chemicals that regulate digestive activity, increase or decrease peristalsis, and stimulate various digestive secretions

31
Q

hormones primary action

A

released from endocrine glands throughout the lining of the stomach and small intestine and regulate digestion

32
Q

hormones source of origin

A

stomach, small intestine

33
Q

bile function

A

emulsifies fat in the small intestine

34
Q

bile primary action

A

breaks down large fat globules into smaller fat droplets

35
Q

bile source of origin

A

liver (stored in the gallbladder)

36
Q

what is the process of absorption

A

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

37
Q

describe passive diffusion

A

nutrients pass through the cell membrane due to concentration gradient and when concentration in GI tract exceeds that of intestinal cell, nutrient is forced across cell membrane

38
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A

similar to passive method, but requires specialized protein to carry nutrients

39
Q

describe active transport

A

nutrients absorbed from low to high concentration, requiring both carrier and energy

40
Q

explain the circulatory system

A

distributes nutrients through your blood (water-soluble nutrients)

41
Q

the role of the nervous system

A

stimulates your appetite, hormone ghrelin signals your brain to eat

41
Q

explain the lymphatic system

A

distributes some nutrients through your lymph vessels (fat-soluble nutrients)

42
Q

the role of the endocrine system

A

releases hormones that help regulate the use of absorbed nutrients, insulin and glucagon help regulate blood levels of glucose

43
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) symptoms

A

sore throat, burning sensation in the chest (heartburn)

44
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) causes

A

poor eating habits, overeating, other lifestyle choices

45
Q

gastric and duodenal ulcers symptoms

A

bleeding, pain, vomiting, fatigue, weakness

46
Q

gastric and duodenal ulcers causes

A

multiple causes

47
Q

gallstones symptoms

A

cramps, bloating, intense abdominal pain, diarrhea

48
Q

gallstones causes

A

the concentration of high cholesterol containing bile that crystallizes and forms stones in the duct

49
Q

celiac disease symptoms

A

malabsorption

50
Q

celiac disease causes

A

error of gluten metabolism

51
Q

crohn’s disease symptoms

A

pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, anemia

52
Q

crohn’s disease causes

A

swelling of the intestines

53
Q

constipation symptoms

A

cramping, bloated uncomfortable feeling in abdomen

54
Q

constipation causes

A

too little water or too little fiber, inactivity

55
Q

diarrhea symptoms

A

too frequent, loose bowel movements

56
Q

diarrhea causes

A

multiple causes

57
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) symptoms

A

diarrhea and constipation, pain

58
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) causes

A

unknown causes, stress worsens the condition

59
Q

colon cancer symptoms

A

often silent symptoms, may include weight loss, internal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, fatigue

60
Q

colon cancer causes

A

genetics, various colon diseases, smoking, exposure to dietary carcinogens

hbio 202 (12 decks)

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