the basics of digestion

Question 1

define digestion

Answer 1

a multistep process of breaking down foods into absorbable components using mechanical and chemical means in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 2

processes involved in preparing food for absorption

Answer 2

ingestion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion

Question 3

ingestion

Answer 3

eating and swallowing food

Question 4

mechanical digestion

Answer 4

chops up food, grinding/mixing of food and movement of food through the system

Question 5

chemical digestion

Answer 5

breakdown of food into absorbable nutrients

Question 6

organs involved in digestion

Answer 6

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Question 7

accessory organs

Answer 7

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 8

mouth function

Answer 8

begins breaking down food into components through chewing

Question 9

pharynx description

Answer 9

4 inch muscular tube, directs air from nose and mouth down to your larynx, which moves air to your trachea and lungs

Question 10

pharynx function

Answer 10

initiates swallowing and delivers food and liquid to your esophagus, which sends it to the stomach; epiglottis blocks the trachea when you swallow

Question 11

esophagus description

Answer 11

upper esophagus contains skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control (somatic nervous system), lower esophagus contains smooth muscle and is under involuntary control (autonomic and enteric nervous system)

Question 12

esophagus function

Answer 12

transfers food from the mouth to the stomach

Question 13

stomach description

Answer 13

hollow muscular organ with 3 layers of muscle (circular, longitudinal, diagonal), lower end connects with the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter

Question 14

stomach function

Answer 14

mixes food with digestive juices, breaks down some nutrients into smaller components

Question 15

small intestine description

Answer 15

long, narrow, and coiled with three segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and accounts for 20 feet of the GI tract

Question 16

small intestine function

Answer 16

completes digestion of food and absorbs nutrients through its walls

Question 17

large intestine description

Answer 17

three sections (cecum, colon, rectum)

Question 18

large intestine function

Answer 18

absorbs water and some nutrients, passes waste products out of the body

Question 19

anus description

Answer 19

connected to the rectum and controlled by two sphincters: internal and external

Question 20

anus function

Answer 20

final stage of defecation is under voluntary control

Question 21

liver description

Answer 21

largest internal organ

Question 22

liver function

Answer 22

produces the bile and regulates the metabolism of the absorbed nutrients

Question 23

gallbladder description

Answer 23

located under the liver

Question 24

gallbladder function

Answer 24

releases stored bile into the small intestine to emulsify the fat

Question 25

pancreas description

Answer 25

located next to the stomach

Question 26

pancreas function

Answer 26

produces bicarbonate ions to neutralize the chyme and the enzymes amylase, lipase, and protease to digest

Question 27

enzymes function

Answer 27

chemicals that break down food into nutrient components that can be absorbed

Question 28

enzymes source of origin

Answer 28

stomach, small intestine, pancreas

Question 29

hormones in digestion

Answer 29

gastrin, ghrelin, secretin, cholecystokinin

Question 30

hormones function

Answer 30

chemicals that regulate digestive activity, increase or decrease peristalsis, and stimulate various digestive secretions

Question 31

hormones primary action

Answer 31

released from endocrine glands throughout the lining of the stomach and small intestine and regulate digestion

Question 32

hormones source of origin

Answer 32

stomach, small intestine

Question 33

bile function

Answer 33

emulsifies fat in the small intestine

Question 34

bile primary action

Answer 34

breaks down large fat globules into smaller fat droplets

Question 35

bile source of origin

Answer 35

liver (stored in the gallbladder)

Question 36

what is the process of absorption

Answer 36

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 37

describe passive diffusion

Answer 37

nutrients pass through the cell membrane due to concentration gradient and when concentration in GI tract exceeds that of intestinal cell, nutrient is forced across cell membrane

Question 38

describe facilitated diffusion

Answer 38

similar to passive method, but requires specialized protein to carry nutrients

Question 39

describe active transport

Answer 39

nutrients absorbed from low to high concentration, requiring both carrier and energy

Question 40

explain the circulatory system

Answer 40

distributes nutrients through your blood (water-soluble nutrients)

Question 41

the role of the nervous system

Answer 41

stimulates your appetite, hormone ghrelin signals your brain to eat

Question 41

explain the lymphatic system

Answer 41

distributes some nutrients through your lymph vessels (fat-soluble nutrients)

Question 42

the role of the endocrine system

Answer 42

releases hormones that help regulate the use of absorbed nutrients, insulin and glucagon help regulate blood levels of glucose

Question 43

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) symptoms

Answer 43

sore throat, burning sensation in the chest (heartburn)

Question 44

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) causes

Answer 44

poor eating habits, overeating, other lifestyle choices

Question 45

gastric and duodenal ulcers symptoms

Answer 45

bleeding, pain, vomiting, fatigue, weakness

Question 46

gastric and duodenal ulcers causes

Answer 46

multiple causes

Question 47

gallstones symptoms

Answer 47

cramps, bloating, intense abdominal pain, diarrhea

Question 48

gallstones causes

Answer 48

the concentration of high cholesterol containing bile that crystallizes and forms stones in the duct

Question 49

celiac disease symptoms

Answer 49

malabsorption

Question 50

celiac disease causes

Answer 50

error of gluten metabolism

Question 51

crohn's disease symptoms

Answer 51

pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, anemia

Question 52

crohn's disease causes

Answer 52

swelling of the intestines

Question 53

constipation symptoms

Answer 53

cramping, bloated uncomfortable feeling in abdomen

Question 54

constipation causes

Answer 54

too little water or too little fiber, inactivity

Question 55

diarrhea symptoms

Answer 55

too frequent, loose bowel movements

Question 56

diarrhea causes

Answer 56

multiple causes

Question 57

irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) symptoms

Answer 57

diarrhea and constipation, pain

Question 58

irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) causes

Answer 58

unknown causes, stress worsens the condition

Question 59

colon cancer symptoms

Answer 59

often silent symptoms, may include weight loss, internal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, fatigue

Question 60

colon cancer causes

Answer 60

genetics, various colon diseases, smoking, exposure to dietary carcinogens