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hbio 202 > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

what deficiencies cause scurvy

A

lack of vitamin c

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2
Q

what deficiencies cause beriberi

A

lack of vitamin b1

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3
Q

what deficiencies cause rickets

A

lack of vitamin d

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4
Q

what deficiencies cause pellagra

A

lack of vitamin b3

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5
Q

alternate name of vitamin a

A

retinol

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6
Q

alternate name of vitamin b1

A

thiamin

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7
Q

alternate name of vitamin b2

A

riboflavin

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8
Q

alternate name of vitamin b3

A

niacin

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9
Q

alternate name of vitamin b5

A

pantothenic acid

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10
Q

alternate name of vitamin b6

A

pyridoxine

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11
Q

alternate name of vitamin b7

A

biotin

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12
Q

alternate name of vitamin b9

A

folic acid

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13
Q

alternate name of vitamin b12

A

cobalamin

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14
Q

alternate name of vitamin c

A

ascorbic acid

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15
Q

alternate name of vitamin d

A

calciferol

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16
Q

alternate name of vitamin e

A

alpha-tocopherol

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17
Q

alternate name of vitamin k1

A

phylloquinone

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18
Q

alternate name of vitamin k2

A

menaquinone

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19
Q

causes of gastrointestinal diseases

A
  • eating a diet low in fiber
  • not getting enough exercise
  • traveling or other changes in routine
  • eating large amounts of dairy products
  • stress
  • resisting the urge to have a bowel movement, possibly because of hemorrhoids
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20
Q

nutritional guidelines for gastrointestinal diseases

A

whole grains, leafy green, lean protein, low-fructose fruits, avocado

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21
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd)

A

when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach

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22
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) symptoms

A

sore throat, burning sensation in the chest (heartburn)

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23
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) causes

A

poor eating habits, overeating, other lifestyle choices

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24
Q

celiac disease

A

autoimmune, genetic disorder related to gluten consumption

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25
Q

celiac disease symptoms

A

malabsorption

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26
Q

celiac disease causes

A

error of gluten metabolism

27
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune disease that usually begins in childhood or early adult years
- 5 to 10% of diabetes cases
- insulin-producing cells in pancreas destroyed so insulin rejections required

28
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

seen in people who have become insulin resistant
- 90 to 95% of diabetes cases
- cells are resistant to insulin; eventually insulin-producing cells are exhausted and medication and/or insulin is required
- people 45 and older or at risk for diabetes should be tested

29
Q

prediabetes

A

may be precursor to type 2
- blood glucose higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
- heart disease and stroke can occur

30
Q

what vitamins and minerals improve teeth and bone health ?

A

vitamin a, c, d, k, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese

31
Q

what vitamins and minerals improve vision ?

A

vitamin a, c, e, zinc

32
Q

what vitamins and minerals improve thyroid function ?

A

vitamin a, b, d, iron, selenium, thyroid, magnesium

33
Q

what vitamins and minerals act as antioxidants ?

A

vitamin a, c, e, selenium, copper, zinc

34
Q

what vitamins and minerals improve wound healing

A

vitamin a, b, c, iron, selenium

35
Q

role of vitamin a

A
  • essential for vision
  • protects against cataracts
  • essential for bone development and immune health
  • combats certain types of cancer
36
Q

deficiencies of vitamin a

A

vision loss

37
Q

role of vitamin b1 (thiamin)

A
  • helps convert food into energy
  • needed for healthy skin and nervous system function
38
Q

deficiencies of vitamin b1

A

beriberi

39
Q

role of b2

A
  • helps convert food into energy
  • necessary for healthy blood
40
Q

deficiencies of vitamin c

A

scurvy

41
Q

role of vitamin b9

A
  • necessary for cell creation
  • ensures brain health of infants
42
Q

deficiencies of vitamin b9

A

fatigue, weakness, mouth sores, and neurological issues

43
Q

role of vitamin b12

A
  • assists in making new cells
  • breaks down amino acids and fatty acids
  • preserves nerve cells, red blood cells, and dna
44
Q

deficiencies of vitamin b12

A

weak muscles, numbness, trouble walking

45
Q

role of vitamin c

A
  • antioxidant that helps protects cells from free radicals –> unstable molecules that can damage the body’s cells
  • protects against cataracts and certain cancers
46
Q

role of vitamin d

A

maintains normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood, which strengthen bones

47
Q

deficiencies in vitamin d

A

rickets

48
Q

role of vitamin e

A
  • antioxidant that protects other nutrients like vitamin a and certain lipids from being damaged
  • helps prevent alzheimer’s disease
49
Q

deficiencies of vitamin e

A

nerve and muscle damage

50
Q

role of magnesium

A
  • helps more than 300 enzymes, including energy metabolism
  • used in synthesis of protein
  • helps muscles and nerves function properly
  • maintains healthy bones and regular heartbeat
  • may help lower high blood pressure and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes
51
Q

deficiencies of magnesium

A

low appetite, nausea, vomiting

52
Q

role of iron

A
  • hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide waste from cells
  • myoglobin transports and stores oxygen in muscle cells
  • aids brain function by helping enzymes that make neurotransmitters
53
Q

deficiencies of iron

A

being pale or having yellow “sallow” skin

54
Q

role of zinc

A
  • dna synthesis, growth, and development
  • healthy immune system and wound healing
  • taste acuity
  • treatment for common cold
  • may reduce risk of age-related macular degeneration
55
Q

deficiencies of zinc

A

skin changes, hair loss, frequent infections

56
Q

role of iodine

A
  • needed by thyroid to make essential hormones
  • thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, help heart, nerves, muscle, and intestines function properly
57
Q

deficiencies of iodine

A

thyroid gland works harder

58
Q

role of potassium

A
  • fluid balance –> electrolyte inside cells
  • a blood buffer –> helps keep blood ph and acid-base balance correct
  • muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction
  • can help lower high blood pressure
  • aids in bone health –> helps increase bone density
  • reduces kidney stones by helping to excrete citrate (binds with calcium to form kidney stones)
59
Q

deficiencies of potassium

A

muscle weakness or cramps, abnormal heart rhythm

60
Q

role of calcium

A
  • helps build strong bones and teeth
  • plays a role in muscles, nerves, and blood
  • may help lower high blood pressure
  • may fight colon cancer
  • may reduce risk of kidney stones (though supplements have opposite effect)
  • helps with hormone secretion and enzyme activation
61
Q

deficiencies of calcium

A

weak nails, slower hair growth, thin skin

62
Q

what vitamins and nutrients could vegans be potentially deprived from ?

A

vitamin b12, calcium, and iodine

63
Q

what plant foods are essential so they can counteract the deficiencies ?

A
  • legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas, peas, soy beans)
  • dark, green leafy vegetables (spinach and kale)
  • nuts and seeds (cashew, pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds)
  • dried fruit (apricots, figs, and raisins)
  • quinoa
64
Q

what is the benefit of following plant-based diets ?

A

may reduce risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, stroke, obesity, and vegetarian diet food staples are rich in fiber and low in saturated fat and cholesterol

hbio 202 (12 decks)

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