final review Flashcards
1
Q
what deficiencies cause scurvy
A
lack of vitamin c
2
Q
what deficiencies cause beriberi
A
lack of vitamin b1
3
Q
what deficiencies cause rickets
A
lack of vitamin d
4
Q
what deficiencies cause pellagra
A
lack of vitamin b3
5
Q
alternate name of vitamin a
A
retinol
6
Q
alternate name of vitamin b1
A
thiamin
7
Q
alternate name of vitamin b2
A
riboflavin
8
Q
alternate name of vitamin b3
A
niacin
9
Q
alternate name of vitamin b5
A
pantothenic acid
10
Q
alternate name of vitamin b6
A
pyridoxine
11
Q
alternate name of vitamin b7
A
biotin
12
Q
alternate name of vitamin b9
A
folic acid
13
Q
alternate name of vitamin b12
A
cobalamin
14
Q
alternate name of vitamin c
A
ascorbic acid
15
Q
alternate name of vitamin d
A
calciferol
16
Q
alternate name of vitamin e
A
alpha-tocopherol
17
Q
alternate name of vitamin k1
A
phylloquinone
18
Q
alternate name of vitamin k2
A
menaquinone
19
Q
causes of gastrointestinal diseases
A
- eating a diet low in fiber
- not getting enough exercise
- traveling or other changes in routine
- eating large amounts of dairy products
- stress
- resisting the urge to have a bowel movement, possibly because of hemorrhoids
20
Q
nutritional guidelines for gastrointestinal diseases
A
whole grains, leafy green, lean protein, low-fructose fruits, avocado
21
Q
gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd)
A
when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach
22
Q
gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) symptoms
A
sore throat, burning sensation in the chest (heartburn)
23
Q
gastrointestinal reflux disease (gerd) causes
A
poor eating habits, overeating, other lifestyle choices
24
Q
celiac disease
A
autoimmune, genetic disorder related to gluten consumption
25
celiac disease symptoms
malabsorption
26
celiac disease causes
error of gluten metabolism
27
type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disease that usually begins in childhood or early adult years
- 5 to 10% of diabetes cases
- insulin-producing cells in pancreas destroyed so insulin rejections required
28
type 2 diabetes
seen in people who have become insulin resistant
- 90 to 95% of diabetes cases
- cells are resistant to insulin; eventually insulin-producing cells are exhausted and medication and/or insulin is required
- people 45 and older or at risk for diabetes should be tested
29
prediabetes
may be precursor to type 2
- blood glucose higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
- heart disease and stroke can occur
30
what vitamins and minerals improve teeth and bone health ?
vitamin a, c, d, k, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese
31
what vitamins and minerals improve vision ?
vitamin a, c, e, zinc
32
what vitamins and minerals improve thyroid function ?
vitamin a, b, d, iron, selenium, thyroid, magnesium
33
what vitamins and minerals act as antioxidants ?
vitamin a, c, e, selenium, copper, zinc
34
what vitamins and minerals improve wound healing
vitamin a, b, c, iron, selenium
35
role of vitamin a
- essential for vision
- protects against cataracts
- essential for bone development and immune health
- combats certain types of cancer
36
deficiencies of vitamin a
vision loss
37
role of vitamin b1 (thiamin)
- helps convert food into energy
- needed for healthy skin and nervous system function
38
deficiencies of vitamin b1
beriberi
39
role of b2
- helps convert food into energy
- necessary for healthy blood
40
deficiencies of vitamin c
scurvy
41
role of vitamin b9
- necessary for cell creation
- ensures brain health of infants
42
deficiencies of vitamin b9
fatigue, weakness, mouth sores, and neurological issues
43
role of vitamin b12
- assists in making new cells
- breaks down amino acids and fatty acids
- preserves nerve cells, red blood cells, and dna
44
deficiencies of vitamin b12
weak muscles, numbness, trouble walking
45
role of vitamin c
- antioxidant that helps protects cells from free radicals --> unstable molecules that can damage the body's cells
- protects against cataracts and certain cancers
46
role of vitamin d
maintains normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood, which strengthen bones
47
deficiencies in vitamin d
rickets
48
role of vitamin e
- antioxidant that protects other nutrients like vitamin a and certain lipids from being damaged
- helps prevent alzheimer's disease
49
deficiencies of vitamin e
nerve and muscle damage
50
role of magnesium
- helps more than 300 enzymes, including energy metabolism
- used in synthesis of protein
- helps muscles and nerves function properly
- maintains healthy bones and regular heartbeat
- may help lower high blood pressure and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes
51
deficiencies of magnesium
low appetite, nausea, vomiting
52
role of iron
- hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide waste from cells
- myoglobin transports and stores oxygen in muscle cells
- aids brain function by helping enzymes that make neurotransmitters
53
deficiencies of iron
being pale or having yellow "sallow" skin
54
role of zinc
- dna synthesis, growth, and development
- healthy immune system and wound healing
- taste acuity
- treatment for common cold
- may reduce risk of age-related macular degeneration
55
deficiencies of zinc
skin changes, hair loss, frequent infections
56
role of iodine
- needed by thyroid to make essential hormones
- thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, help heart, nerves, muscle, and intestines function properly
57
deficiencies of iodine
thyroid gland works harder
58
role of potassium
- fluid balance --> electrolyte inside cells
- a blood buffer --> helps keep blood ph and acid-base balance correct
- muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction
- can help lower high blood pressure
- aids in bone health --> helps increase bone density
- reduces kidney stones by helping to excrete citrate (binds with calcium to form kidney stones)
59
deficiencies of potassium
muscle weakness or cramps, abnormal heart rhythm
60
role of calcium
- helps build strong bones and teeth
- plays a role in muscles, nerves, and blood
- may help lower high blood pressure
- may fight colon cancer
- may reduce risk of kidney stones (though supplements have opposite effect)
- helps with hormone secretion and enzyme activation
61
deficiencies of calcium
weak nails, slower hair growth, thin skin
62
what vitamins and nutrients could vegans be potentially deprived from ?
vitamin b12, calcium, and iodine
63
what plant foods are essential so they can counteract the deficiencies ?
- legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas, peas, soy beans)
- dark, green leafy vegetables (spinach and kale)
- nuts and seeds (cashew, pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds)
- dried fruit (apricots, figs, and raisins)
- quinoa
64
what is the benefit of following plant-based diets ?
may reduce risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, stroke, obesity, and vegetarian diet food staples are rich in fiber and low in saturated fat and cholesterol
