The basic tissue and body layers Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

-Tissues are groups of cells organised to perform one or more specific functions

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2
Q

Define organ

A

-Organs are made up of tissues and these are classified into 4 types

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3
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues of the body

A

-Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
-Connective tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Nerve tissue

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4
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

-covers body surfaces
-lines body cavities
-forms glands

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5
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

-underlines or supports other 3 tissues, both structurally and functionally

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6
Q

Function of muscle tissue

A

-made up of contractile cells
-responsible for movement

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7
Q

Function of nerve tissue

A

-receives, transmits and integrates information from outside and inside the body
-to control activities of the body

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8
Q

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

A

-Simple squamous
-Location: blood vessel, alveoli, body cavities
-Function: exchange diffusion

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9
Q

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

A

-Stratified squamous
-Location: epidermis, oral cavity, oesophagus, vagina
-Function: barrier protection

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10
Q

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

A

-Simple columnar
-Location: Small/large intestine, stomach lining
-Function: absorption, secretion

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11
Q

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

A

-Pseudostratified columnar
-Location: Respiratory tract
-Function: secretion

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12
Q

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

A

-Transitional (urothelium)
-Location: Urinary organs
-Function: distensible property

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13
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A
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14
Q

Structure/examples of dense connective tissue

A

Structure:
-More fibres
-Less cells
-Collagen fibres dominate the structure
E.g. tendons, ligaments

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15
Q

Structure/examples of loose connective tissue

A

Structure:
-Less fibres
-More fat cells
E.g. adipose, areolar

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16
Q

Classification of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
-voluntary movement
-striated and red/white

Cardiac
-pumping of heart
-striated with centrally located nucleus

Smooth
-in walls of hollow organs for contraction
-non-striated with no sarcomeres

17
Q

What is nerve tissue made of?

A

-Nerve cells (neurones) receive stimuli and conduct responsive impulses
-Neuroglia/Glial cells are supporting cells

18
Q

What are the body layers?

A

Epidermis - Stratified squamous epithelium for protection

Dermis - Contains collagen and elastic fibres

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) -Loose connective tissue containing fat, sweat glands, superficial vessels and cutaneous nerves

Deep fascia
-Dense connective tissue

Skeletal muscle
-Movement

19
Q

What tissue is the heart made up of?

A

-Cardiac muscle tissue

20
Q

What tissue are blood vessels made up of?

A

-Epithelial
-Smooth muscle
-Connective tissue

21
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

-Left ventricle
-To body
-To right atrium

22
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

-Right ventricle
-To lungs
-To left atrium

23
Q

What is portal circulation?

A

-Where a venous system links 2 capillary beds (e.g. hepatic portal vein)

24
Q

What do capillaries link?

A

-Arterioles and venules
-Allow exchange of materials (oxygen and nutrients to cells of surrounding tissues)

25
How do we differentiate arteries from veins?
-If you squeeze an artery it recoils -If you squeeze a vein it collapses -Because arteries have a thicker smooth muscle tissue layer -Veins have valves
26
How does blood in the venous system return to the heart?
-Gravity -Musculovenous pump - skeletal muscles contract around veins -Arteriovenous pump - when arteries fill with blood they push on surrounding veins which drives flow
27
What are anastomoses?
-Communications between small arterial branches of major arteries -Providing detours for blood flow, offering a collateral route
28
What are end arteries?
-Arteries that are isolated from others -Their branches do not anastomose with other arteries -Territories supplied by an end artery is totally dependent on it
29
Anatomical end arteries vs Functional end arteries
30
Function of the lymphatic system
-Drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins -Removal of debris from cellular decomposition and infection
31
What causes oedema?
-Build up of surplus fluid in extracellular space -Causes reversal in osmotic pressure and retention of fluid
32
Parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic capillaries (plexuses) - simple squamous epithelium Lymphatic vessels - contains valve to direct lymph in one direction back into the venous system Lymph - the tissue fluid (usually clear, watery and slightly yellow) found in lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes - Small masses of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph (side of neck, axilla, inguinal)
33
Drainage of lymphatic system
-Thoracic duct responsible for draining 3/4 of lymph -The rest drains through the right lymphatic duct
34
Lymphatic system and detecting cancer
-First set of lymph nodes draining a specific territory are called the sentinel nodes -These help predict the source of cancer and infection
35
Lymphatic system against cancer
-Cancer cells metastasise and go into lymphatic system -Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and WBCs attack the cancer -Lymph nodes become enlarged, making cancer easier to detect