The basic tissue and body layers

Question 1

Define tissue

Answer 1

-Tissues are groups of cells organised to perform one or more specific functions

Question 2

Define organ

Answer 2

-Organs are made up of tissues and these are classified into 4 types

Question 3

What are the 4 basic tissues of the body

Answer 3

-Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
-Connective tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Nerve tissue

Question 4

Function of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

-covers body surfaces
-lines body cavities
-forms glands

Question 5

Function of connective tissue

Answer 5

-underlines or supports other 3 tissues, both structurally and functionally

Question 6

Function of muscle tissue

Answer 6

-made up of contractile cells
-responsible for movement

Question 7

Function of nerve tissue

Answer 7

-receives, transmits and integrates information from outside and inside the body
-to control activities of the body

Question 8

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

Answer 8

-Simple squamous
-Location: blood vessel, alveoli, body cavities
-Function: exchange diffusion

Question 9

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

Answer 9

-Stratified squamous
-Location: epidermis, oral cavity, oesophagus, vagina
-Function: barrier protection

Question 10

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

Answer 10

-Simple columnar
-Location: Small/large intestine, stomach lining
-Function: absorption, secretion

Question 11

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

Answer 11

-Pseudostratified columnar
-Location: Respiratory tract
-Function: secretion

Question 12

What layer of epithelial tissue? Location and function?

Answer 12

-Transitional (urothelium)
-Location: Urinary organs
-Function: distensible property

Question 13

Classification of connective tissue

Answer 13

Question 14

Structure/examples of dense connective tissue

Answer 14

Structure:
-More fibres
-Less cells
-Collagen fibres dominate the structure
E.g. tendons, ligaments

Question 15

Structure/examples of loose connective tissue

Answer 15

Structure:
-Less fibres
-More fat cells
E.g. adipose, areolar

Question 16

Classification of muscle tissue

Answer 16

Skeletal
-voluntary movement
-striated and red/white

Cardiac
-pumping of heart
-striated with centrally located nucleus

Smooth
-in walls of hollow organs for contraction
-non-striated with no sarcomeres

Question 17

What is nerve tissue made of?

Answer 17

-Nerve cells (neurones) receive stimuli and conduct responsive impulses
-Neuroglia/Glial cells are supporting cells

Question 18

What are the body layers?

Answer 18

Epidermis - Stratified squamous epithelium for protection

Dermis - Contains collagen and elastic fibres

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) -Loose connective tissue containing fat, sweat glands, superficial vessels and cutaneous nerves

Deep fascia
-Dense connective tissue

Skeletal muscle
-Movement

Question 19

What tissue is the heart made up of?

Answer 19

-Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 20

What tissue are blood vessels made up of?

Answer 20

-Epithelial
-Smooth muscle
-Connective tissue

Question 21

What is the systemic circulation?

Answer 21

-Left ventricle
-To body
-To right atrium

Question 22

What is the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 22

-Right ventricle
-To lungs
-To left atrium

Question 23

What is portal circulation?

Answer 23

-Where a venous system links 2 capillary beds (e.g. hepatic portal vein)

Question 24

What do capillaries link?

Answer 24

-Arterioles and venules
-Allow exchange of materials (oxygen and nutrients to cells of surrounding tissues)

Question 25

How do we differentiate arteries from veins?

Answer 25

-If you squeeze an artery it recoils
-If you squeeze a vein it collapses
-Because arteries have a thicker smooth muscle tissue layer
-Veins have valves

Question 26

How does blood in the venous system return to the heart?

Answer 26

-Gravity
-Musculovenous pump - skeletal muscles contract around veins
-Arteriovenous pump - when arteries fill with blood they push on surrounding veins which drives flow

Question 27

What are anastomoses?

Answer 27

-Communications between small arterial branches of major arteries
-Providing detours for blood flow, offering a collateral route

Question 28

What are end arteries?

Answer 28

-Arteries that are isolated from others
-Their branches do not anastomose with other arteries
-Territories supplied by an end artery is totally dependent on it

Question 29

Anatomical end arteries vs Functional end arteries

Answer 29

Question 30

Function of the lymphatic system

Answer 30

-Drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins
-Removal of debris from cellular decomposition and infection

Question 31

What causes oedema?

Answer 31

-Build up of surplus fluid in extracellular space
-Causes reversal in osmotic pressure and retention of fluid

Question 32

Parts of the lymphatic system?

Answer 32

Lymphatic capillaries (plexuses) - simple squamous epithelium
Lymphatic vessels - contains valve to direct lymph in one direction back into the venous system
Lymph - the tissue fluid (usually clear, watery and slightly yellow) found in lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes - Small masses of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph (side of neck, axilla, inguinal)

Question 33

Drainage of lymphatic system

Answer 33

-Thoracic duct responsible for draining 3/4 of lymph
-The rest drains through the right lymphatic duct

Question 34

Lymphatic system and detecting cancer

Answer 34

-First set of lymph nodes draining a specific territory are called the sentinel nodes
-These help predict the source of cancer and infection

Question 35

Lymphatic system against cancer

Answer 35

-Cancer cells metastasise and go into lymphatic system
-Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and WBCs attack the cancer
-Lymph nodes become enlarged, making cancer easier to detect