Skeleton and joints Flashcards
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Axial - bones of the head (skull), neck and trunk
Appendicular - bones of the limbs
Histology of bone
Histology of cartilage
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
-Hyaline cartilage
-Elastic cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
Location and function of hyaline cartilage
Location and function of elastic cartilage
Location and function of fibrocartilage
Are bones tissues or organs?
-Bones are organs because they consist of bone tissue and other connective tissues (e.g. haemopoietic, adipose, nerve)
Functions of bones
-Protection and support
-Movement
-Storage for calcium and phosphate
-Blood cell production
Cross section of bone
What is structural unit of bones called?
-Osteons
What are 3 types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts - Immature bone cells that secrete bone matrix, build new bone cells
Osteoclasts - Large, multi-nucleated cells which degrade old bone cells to make spongy bone, leaving room for new bone tissue to grow
Osteocytes - Mature bone cells enclosed by bone matrix that was previously secreted by osteoblasts
Bone classification
Attachment sites of tendons, ligaments, fascia anatomy
Tubercle - rounded part of a bone
Trochanter - projections for muscle attachement
Process - projection or outgrowth
Fossa - depression where muscle sits in
Tuberosity - rough projection
Passageways of structures anatomy
Foramen - Hole or opening
Groove/sulcus - shallow depression for something to run through
Notch - semi, incomplete opening
Joints formation anatomy
Head - form ball and socket joints
Condyle - lined with hyaline cartilage
Facets - flat, smooth surface lined by cartilage
Capitulum and Trochlea - Condyles of the humerus
Epicondyles - Superior to condyles
2 Stages in intramembranous ossification
-Embryonic mesenchymal tissues -> Bone
3 Stages in endochondral ossification
-Embryonic mesenchymal tissue -> Cartilage -> Bone
Describe bone development in endochondral ossification
-Lump of hyaline cartilage
-Blood vessels penetrate periosteum and supply bone cells with oxygen and nutrients
-Bone elongates proximally and distally as bone cells replace chondrocytes
-Epiphyseal plate fuses when bones finish growing
What are the 3 types of joints?
-Fibrous joints
-Cartilaginous joints
-Synovial joints
Features of fibrous joints
-United by fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue)
-No significant movement
Features of cartilaginous joints
-Joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
-Primary (synchondroses) joined by hyaline
-Secondary (symphysis) joined by fibrocartilage
-Slightly moveable
Features of synovial joints
-United by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity
-Joint cavity typically contains lubricating synovial fluid
-Permit free movement
3 examples of fibrous joints
-Sutures (serrates) in skull
-Syndesmosis (interosseous ligament) in tibiofibular joint
-Gomphosis (peg and socket) in teeth
2 examples of primary cartilaginous joints
-Epiphyseal plate
-Sternocostal/Costochondral joint
2 examples of secondary cartilaginous joints
-Intervertebral discs
-Pubic symphysis
Uniaxial synovial joints
-Pivot (rotating)
-Hinge (hinging)
-Plane (gliding)
Biaxial synovial joints
-Saddle
-Condyloid
-abduction/adduction and flexion/extension
Multiaxial synovial joints
-Ball and socket
Joints blood supply
-Articular arteries that arise from vessels around the joint
-Often anastomose to form peri-articular arterial anastomoses
Joints nerve supply
-Articular nerves with sensory nerve endings in the joint capsule
-Branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the overlying skin
-Branches of nerves thats supply the muscles that cross the joint (Hilton’s law)
What is Hilton’s law?
-Nerves supplying the muscles acting on the joint also supply the joint
