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Medicine Year 1 > Skeleton and joints > Flashcards

Skeleton and joints Flashcards

1
Q

Axial and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial - bones of the head (skull), neck and trunk
Appendicular - bones of the limbs

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2
Q

Histology of bone

A
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3
Q

Histology of cartilage

A
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-Hyaline cartilage
-Elastic cartilage
-Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Location and function of hyaline cartilage

A
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6
Q

Location and function of elastic cartilage

A
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7
Q

Location and function of fibrocartilage

A
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8
Q

Are bones tissues or organs?

A

-Bones are organs because they consist of bone tissue and other connective tissues (e.g. haemopoietic, adipose, nerve)

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9
Q

Functions of bones

A

-Protection and support
-Movement
-Storage for calcium and phosphate
-Blood cell production

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10
Q

Cross section of bone

A
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11
Q

What is structural unit of bones called?

A

-Osteons

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12
Q

What are 3 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts - Immature bone cells that secrete bone matrix, build new bone cells
Osteoclasts - Large, multi-nucleated cells which degrade old bone cells to make spongy bone, leaving room for new bone tissue to grow
Osteocytes - Mature bone cells enclosed by bone matrix that was previously secreted by osteoblasts

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13
Q

Bone classification

A
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14
Q

Attachment sites of tendons, ligaments, fascia anatomy

A

Tubercle - rounded part of a bone
Trochanter - projections for muscle attachement
Process - projection or outgrowth
Fossa - depression where muscle sits in
Tuberosity - rough projection

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15
Q

Passageways of structures anatomy

A

Foramen - Hole or opening
Groove/sulcus - shallow depression for something to run through
Notch - semi, incomplete opening

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16
Q

Joints formation anatomy

A

Head - form ball and socket joints
Condyle - lined with hyaline cartilage
Facets - flat, smooth surface lined by cartilage
Capitulum and Trochlea - Condyles of the humerus
Epicondyles - Superior to condyles

17
Q

2 Stages in intramembranous ossification

A

-Embryonic mesenchymal tissues -> Bone

18
Q

3 Stages in endochondral ossification

A

-Embryonic mesenchymal tissue -> Cartilage -> Bone

19
Q

Describe bone development in endochondral ossification

A

-Lump of hyaline cartilage
-Blood vessels penetrate periosteum and supply bone cells with oxygen and nutrients
-Bone elongates proximally and distally as bone cells replace chondrocytes
-Epiphyseal plate fuses when bones finish growing

20
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

-Fibrous joints
-Cartilaginous joints
-Synovial joints

21
Q

Features of fibrous joints

A

-United by fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue)
-No significant movement

22
Q

Features of cartilaginous joints

A

-Joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
-Primary (synchondroses) joined by hyaline
-Secondary (symphysis) joined by fibrocartilage
-Slightly moveable

23
Q

Features of synovial joints

A

-United by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity
-Joint cavity typically contains lubricating synovial fluid
-Permit free movement

24
Q

3 examples of fibrous joints

A

-Sutures (serrates) in skull
-Syndesmosis (interosseous ligament) in tibiofibular joint
-Gomphosis (peg and socket) in teeth

25
Q

2 examples of primary cartilaginous joints

A

-Epiphyseal plate
-Sternocostal/Costochondral joint

26
Q

2 examples of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

-Intervertebral discs
-Pubic symphysis

27
Q

Uniaxial synovial joints

A

-Pivot (rotating)
-Hinge (hinging)
-Plane (gliding)

28
Q

Biaxial synovial joints

A

-Saddle
-Condyloid
-abduction/adduction and flexion/extension

29
Q

Multiaxial synovial joints

A

-Ball and socket

30
Q

Joints blood supply

A

-Articular arteries that arise from vessels around the joint
-Often anastomose to form peri-articular arterial anastomoses

31
Q

Joints nerve supply

A

-Articular nerves with sensory nerve endings in the joint capsule
-Branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the overlying skin
-Branches of nerves thats supply the muscles that cross the joint (Hilton’s law)

32
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

-Nerves supplying the muscles acting on the joint also supply the joint

Medicine Year 1 (17 decks)

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