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Microbio > The bacteria basics > Flashcards

The bacteria basics Flashcards

1
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

repeating disaccharide base w aa side chains that are cross linked by the enzyme Transpeptidase (blocked by PCN)

  • Transpeptidase = “PCN-binding-protein”
  • Peptidoglycan cell walls allow bacteria to survive osmotic stres! Give PCNs, cephalosporins, or Vanco to take away this defense - bacteria would disintegrate in hypotonic solution.
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2
Q

Catalase+

A

You need PLACESS for your CATs

Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E.coli
Staph
Serratia
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3
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacterium
Bacillus

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4
Q

Aerobe in burns wounds, diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia, Pneumonia in CF

A 
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
(obligate aerobe)
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5
Q

Capsule of D-glutamate (i.e. made of aa residues)

A

Bacillus anthracis

unique. Other capsules are made of sugar

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6
Q

Periplasm enzyme

A

Beta-lactamases

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7
Q

LPS

A

Gram-negative outer membrane
more inside: Lipid A (induces TNF and IL-1)
Outer: O-polysaccharide (antigen)

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8
Q

Gram + cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan (support) + Lipotechoic acid (induces TNF and IL-1)

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9
Q

Pilus/fimbria

A

Mediates adherence of bacteria to cell surface
Sex pilus: connect bacteria during conjugation
-Made of glycoprotein
-E.g. Meningococcal pili - responsible for epithelial attachment to nasopharynx**

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10
Q

Flagella

A

Motility

-made of protein

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11
Q

Spore

A

Resistant to dehydration, HEAT, chemicals

  • Keratin-like coat*, dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan
  • Spores form when shortage of nutrients –> lie dormant for years
  • Kill w STEAM

Bacillus (aer) and Clostridium (anaer)
found in soil

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12
Q

Plasmid

A

DNA

contains genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, toxins

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13
Q

Glycoclayx

A

Mediates adherence to surface (like pilus) esp foreign ones (catheters!!!)
-made of polysaccharide (like pilus)

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14
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Can’t Breathe Air

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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15
Q

Do not gram stain well

A

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

Treponema (too thin)
Rickettisa (intracellular)
Mycobacteria (high lipid)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular, lacks muramic acid in cell wall)
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16
Q

Silver stain

A

Legionella, Helicobacter pyloria, Fugni (e.g. Pneumoncystis)

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17
Q

Dark-field microscopy and fluorescent AB staining

A

Treponema

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18
Q

Giemsa stain

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
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19
Q

PAS stain (periodic acid-schiff)

A

PASs the SUGAR (glycogen)

Stain glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
-Use to diagnose Whipples (Tropheryma whipplei)

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20
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbolfuchsin**) stain

A

Acid fast organisms (Nocardia, Mycobacterium)- stains mycolic acid

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21
Q

India ink stain

A

Capsule not taken up by stain –> see translucent halo around the cell. Used primarily to identify:
Cryptococcus neoformans

India –> mother theresa –> halo –> capsule –> Crypto

22
Q

Chocolate agar w factors V (NAD+) and X (Hematin)

A

H. influenzae

When child has the “flu” mom goes to V/five and X/dime store to get CHOCOLATE

23
Q

Thayer-martin (or VPN) SELECTIVE media: Vnacomycin, Polymyxin, Nystatin

A

N. gonorrhoeae

24
Q

Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar

A

B. pertussis

Bordet for BORDETella

25
Q

Tellurite plate, Loffler’s media

A

C. diptheriae

Loffffffffler (something stuck in your throat… like a pseudomembrane)

26
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

A

M. tuberculosis

27
Q

Eaton’s agar

A

M. pneumoniae

Mycoplasma like us: We like to EAT, have no cell wall, have cholesterol in our membranes

28
Q

Pink colonies on MacConkey’s agar

A

Lactose-fermenting enterics (e.g. E. coli)

29
Q

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar. Colons w metallic green sheen

30
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered w cysteine and iron

A

Legionella

31
Q

Sabouraud’s agar

A

Fungi

Sab’s a FUN GUY!

32
Q

Obligate intracellular

A

Stay inside when it’s Really Cold
(steal ATP from the host cell)

Rickettsia
Chlamydia

33
Q

Facultative Intracellular

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
34
Q

Encapsulated organisms

positive Quelleng rxns (capsular “swelling”)

A

SHiNE SKiS
**The capsule prevents phagocytosis

Strep pneumo
H. influenza Type B
Neisseria meningitidies
E. coli

Salmonella
Klebsiella
Group B Strep

35
Q

Gram + Rods

A

Crappy Bacteria Can Make Logs

Clostridium
Bacillus
Corynebacterium
Mycobacterium* (acid fast)
Listeria
36
Q

Gram + Branching filamentous

A

+ brANchers

Actinomyces
Nocardia (weakly acid fast)

37
Q

Urease + bugs

A

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
38
Q

Pigment producing: yellow “sulfur” granules

composed of filaments of bacteria

A

Actinomyces israelii

yellow sand in israel

39
Q

Pigment producing: yellow pigment

A

S. aureus

aureus = gold

40
Q

Pigment producing: blue-green pigment (pyocyanin)

A 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(aerug- is green)
41
Q

Pigment producing: red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

(thing red maraschino cherries

42
Q

Protein A

A

Binds Fc portion of IgG - prevents opsonization and phagocytosis <– prevents complement activation
S. aureus

43
Q

IgA protease

A

Enzyme cleaves IgA - allows colonization of respiratory mucosa

(SHiN): Strep pneumo, H. influenza type b, Neisseria (both mening and gonoc)

44
Q

M protein

A

Helps prevent phagocytosis and complement activation

  • mediates bacterial adherence
  • Is the target for type-specific humoral-immunity
  • Group A streptococci
45
Q

ENDOTOXIN

A 
Edema
Nitrous Oxide
DIC (activate tissue factor)
Outer membrane (LPS)
TNF --> hypotension, fever
O-antigen (on the outer part)
eXtremely heat stable (100C for 1 hr)
IL-1 --> fever
Neutrophil chemotaxis <-- C5b
46
Q

Lysogenic phage carries genes for these 5 bacterial toxins:

A

ABCDE

shigA like toxin
Botulinum toxin (certain strains)
Cholera toxin
Diptheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of Strep pyogenes
47
Q

Guidelines for prevention of catheter infxn

A
  • 1) Proper hand washing
  • 2) full barrier precautions during insertion of a central line
  • 3) Chlorhexidine for skin disinfection
  • 4) Avoidance of femoral insertion site
  • 5) Removal of catheter(s) when no longer needed

Most common pathogens: Coag neg staph, Staph aureus

48
Q

Transformation

A

Ability to take up naked DNA and incorporate into your own. A feature of many bacteria, but esp S. pneumo, H. flu type b, Neisseria (SHiN).

49
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of genetic information between organisms by viral phages

  • Generalized: a packaging event - parts of the bacterial chr may be accidentally packed in with the viral phage
  • Specialized: an excision event. the phage gets incorporated into bacteria, but then poorly excised out such that some of the bacterial genome is take with the viral phage.
50
Q

Transposition

A

DNA pieces w legs! can “jump” from one location to another and transfer genes from plasmid to chr and vice versa. no DNA homoogy necessary for insertion of transposon (can happen btwn different speices).

Microbio (13 decks)

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